Table 1.
Selected characteristics of the study sample by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) category: children and adolescents aged 6–18 years (n 6311), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2006
| Serum 25(OH)D | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adequate (>50 nmol/l) | Inadequate (30–50 nmol/l) | Deficient (<30 nmol/l) | |||||
| Characteristic | Mean or % | sd or n | Mean or % | sd or n | Mean or % | sd or n | P value |
| n | 5107 | 2434 | 554 | ||||
| Age (years), mean and sd | 12·2 | 3·7 | 13·6 | 3·2 | 15·1 | 2·5 | <0·001 |
| Abnormal levels, % and n | |||||||
| BMI ≥ 85th percentile | 30·4 | 1551 | 41·7 | 1015 | 44·9 | 249 | <0·001 |
| BMI ≥ 95th percentile | 15·1 | 769 | 23·6 | 575 | 29·6 | 164 | <0·001 |
| Obesity | 13·4 | 683 | 21·9 | 435 | 30·0 | 166 | <0·001 |
| WC ≥ 75th percentile | 33·9 | 1733 | 43·0 | 1047 | 43·1 | 540 | <0·001 |
| WC ≥ 90th percentile | 16·4 | 840 | 22·8 | 554 | 26·4 | 146 | <0·001 |
| WHtR ≥ 0·5 | 29·9 | 1527 | 40·2 | 979 | 43·3 | 240 | <0·001 |
| TC ≥ 200 mg/dl | 8·7 | 442 | 10·7 | 261 | 7·9 | 44 | 0·01 |
| HDL-C ≤ 35 mg/dl | 5·4 | 277 | 5·6 | 137 | 4·9 | 27 | 0·804 |
| LDL-C ≤ 130 mg/dl | 2·3 | 116 | 3·5 | 85 | 3·2 | 18 | 0·011 |
| Fasting TAG ≥ 150 mg/dl | 4·1 | 207 | 3·2 | 79 | 2·2 | 12 | 0·004 |
| Fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl | 3·7 | 188 | 4·8 | 117 | 4·5 | 25 | 0·43 |
| HOMA-IR score ≥ 4·39 | 3·8 | 193 | 7·9 | 193 | 12·1 | 67 | <0·001 |
| Gender, % and n | <0·001 | ||||||
| Male | 54·1 | 2761 | 46·1 | 1122 | 35·9 | 199 | |
| Female | 45·9 | 2346 | 53·9 | 1312 | 64·1 | 355 | |
| Ethnicity, % and n | <0·001 | ||||||
| Mexican American | 32·4 | 1657 | 33·2 | 807 | 18·2 | 101 | |
| Other Hispanic | 3·9 | 201 | 3·1 | 75 | 1·3 | 7 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 39·4 | 2011 | 8·0 | 194 | 2·3 | 13 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 19·6 | 1000 | 51·2 | 1245 | 76·2 | 422 | |
| Other race | 4·7 | 238 | 4·6 | 113 | 2·0 | 11 | |
| Serum cotinine, % and n* | <0·001 | ||||||
| <0·01 ng/ml (LOD) | 19·3 | 985 | 13·8 | 337 | 7·9 | 44 | |
| 0·01–10 ng/ml | 73·2 | 3736 | 77·6 | 1889 | 82·5 | 457 | |
| >10 ng/ml | 6·7 | 343 | 7·9 | 192 | 9·0 | 50 | |
| Alcohol, % and n* | 0·765 | ||||||
| Non-drinker | 91·4 | 4667 | 91·6 | 2229 | 90·1 | 499 | |
| Drinker | 4·4 | 225 | 4·3 | 104 | 4·9 | 27 | |
| PIR, % and n* | <0·001 | ||||||
| ≤1 | 25·6 | 1306 | 35·3 | 858 | 41·5 | 230 | |
| >1 | 70·3 | 3592 | 59·4 | 1447 | 54·9 | 304 | |
WC, waist circumference; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; LDL-C, LDL-cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LOD, limit of detection; PIR, poverty:income ratio.
*
Weighted percentage.