Table 1.
Nutrient intakes and demographic characteristics of participants in Australian Health Survey 2011–2013 by tertile of energy-adjusted whole grain intake
| Non-consumers (n 2043)* | T1 (n 1794) | T2 (n 1874) | T3 (n 1954) | P-value† | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
or % |
se |
or % |
se |
or % |
se |
or % |
se | ||
| Age (years)‡ | 42·0 | 0·5 | 44·1 | 0·4 | 48·1 | 0·5 | 49·8 | 0·6 | <0·0001 |
| Sex (% female) | 48·7 | – | 50·3 | – | 51·5 | 49·6 | – | 0·65 | |
| Energy (kJ/d)§ | 9163·4 | 90·8 | 10 086·2 | 94·5 | 9878·9 | 90·1 | 9103·9 | 90·3 | 0·33 |
| Cereal fibre (g/d)‖ | 5·8 | 0·1 | 7·1 | 0·1 | 10·2 | 0·1 | 14·6 | 0·2 | <0·0001 |
| Total fibre (g/d)‖ | 19·4 | 0·3 | 22·3 | 0·3 | 26·3 | 0·3 | 31·6 | 0·4 | <0·0001 |
| Carbohydrate (% kJ)‖ | 42·0 | 0·4 | 42·0 | 0·3 | 42·8 | 0·3 | 46·0 | 0·3 | <0·0001 |
| Protein (% kJ)‖ | 18·0 | 0·2 | 17·5 | 0·2 | 18·3 | 0·1 | 18·0 | 0·1 | 0·13 |
| Total fat (% kJ)‖ | 32·0 | 0·3 | 32·3 | 0·3 | 31·5 | 0·3 | 29·6 | 0·2 | <0·0001 |
| Free sugars (% kJ)‖ | 11·9 | 0·3 | 11·2 | 0·2 | 10·1 | 0·2 | 8·7 | 0·2 | <0·0001 |
| Saturated and trans-fat (% kJ)‖ | 13·0 | 0·2 | 12·7 | 0·2 | 12·5 | 0·1 | 11·2 | 0·1 | <0·0001 |
| MUFA (% kJ)‖ | 12·4 | 0·1 | 12·5 | 0·1 | 11·9 | 0·1 | 11·1 | 0·1 | <0·0001 |
| PUFA (% kJ)‖ | 4·5 | 0·1 | 4·8 | 0·1 | 4·9 | 0·1 | 5·2 | 0·1 | <0·0001 |
| Na (mg/d)‖ | 2769·0 | 44·9 | 2692·1 | 34·3 | 2627·3 | 31·8 | 2479·9 | 33·0 | <0·0001 |
| Fruit (serves/d) | 1·4 | 0·04 | 1·5 | 0·03 | 1·7 | 0·30 | 1·8 | 0·04 | <0·0001 |
| Vegetable (serves per day) | 2·2 | 0·05 | 2·4 | 0·05 | 2·4 | 0·04 | 2·5 | 0·04 | <0·0001 |
| Daily alcohol intake (standard drinks per day)§ ¶ | 1·9 | 0·1 | 2·1 | 0·1 | 1·5 | 0·1 | 1·0 | 0·1 | <0·0001 |
| Equivalised weekly income (AUD)§ | 946·3 | 25·2 | 1104·4 | 28·6 | 1076·4 | 28·0 | 996·5 | 21·4 | 0·28 |
| University graduate (%) | 22·0 | – | 29·6 | – | 26·1 | – | 27·0 | – | 0·0019 |
| Unemployed, not studying (%) | 3·0 | – | 2·1 | – | 1·0 | – | 1·4 | – | 0·0078 |
| Current smoker (%) | 26·2 | – | 16·2 | – | 14·4 | – | 10·5 | – | <0·0001 |
| Physical activity (% meeting recommendation)** | 42·7 | – | 53·1 | – | 53·0 | – | 54·4 | – | <0·0001 |
| Lipid-lowering medication use†† | 8·9 | – | 11·4 | – | 13·1 | – | 19·4 | – | 0·0007 |
*
Median whole grain intakes (g/d): non-consumers 0; T1 14·0; T2 44·9; T3 95·1.
†
Associations with continuous variables were tested with linear regression analysis and a test for trend; associations with categorical variables were tested with a chi-square analysis.
‡
Adjusted for sex.
§
Adjusted for age and sex.
‖
Adjusted for age, sex and total energy intake (kJ/d).
¶
One standard drink is equivalent to 10 g of alcohol.
**
Australian physical activity recommendation of 150 min of exercise per week.
††
Based on the data available from smaller sample of participants (n 2608).