. 2020 Mar 23;23(8):1404–1413. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019004233

Table 3.

CVD risk factors according to tertiles of energy-adjusted whole grain intake among participants of Australian Health Survey 2011–2013

	Non-consumers		T1		T2		T3		P _{for trend}
		se		se		se		se	P _{for trend}
BMI (kg/m²) (n 6206)
Simple adjustment^*	26·9	0·2	26·9	0·2	26·7	0·1	25·9	0·1	<0·0001
Multivariate adjustment^†	26·8	0·2	26·8	0·2	26·6	0·1	26·0	0·1	<0·0001
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡	26·7	0·2	26·7	0·2	26·7	0·1	26·3	0·2	0·11
Waist circumference (n 6214)
Simple adjustment^*	92·3	0·5	91·9	0·4	91·9	0·4	89·4	0·4	<0·0001
Multivariate adjustment^†	92·2	0·5	91·8	0·5	91·8	0·4	89·7	0·4	0·0005
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡	92·0	0·6	91·7	0·5	91·8	0·4	90·0	0·4	0·03
Systolic BP (mmHg) (n 6381)
Simple adjustment^*	122·3	0·5	121·8	0·6	122·1	0·5	121·6	0·6	0·51
Multivariate adjustment^†	122·2	0·5	121·7	0·7	122·1	0·5	121·9	0·6	0·87
Dietary adjustment^† ^§	122·2	0·5	121·6	0·7	122·1	0·5	122·0	0·6	0·97
Lifestyle adjustment^† ^§ ^‖	122·2	0·6	121·8	0·7	122·2	0·5	122·4	0·6	0·69
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡ ^§ ^‖	122·2	0·6	121·7	0·6	122·2	0·5	122·4	0·8	0·71
Diastolic BP (mmHg) (n 6381)
Simple adjustment^*	76·9	0·4	75·9	0·4	76·0	0·3	75·2	0·4	0·004
Multivariate adjustment^†	76·7	0·4	75·7	0·4	76·1	0·4	75·5	0·4	0·07
Dietary adjustment^† ^§	76·7	0·4	75·6	0·4	76·1	0·4	75·6	0·4	0·09
Lifestyle adjustment^† ^§ ^‖	76·6	0·4	75·4	0·4	76·0	0·3	75·8	0·4	0·33
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡ ^§ ^‖	76·4	0·4	75·3	0·4	76·1	0·3	76·1	0·5	0·91
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) (n 3116)
Simple adjustment^*	5·10	0·06	5·09	0·06	4·95	0·06	5·02	0·05	0·15
Multivariate adjustment^†	5·07	0·06	5·07	0·06	4·97	0·06	5·04	0·05	0·52
Dietary adjustment^† ^¶	5·07	0·06	5·07	0·06	4·96	0·06	5·04	0·05	0·49
Lifestyle adjustment^† ^¶ ^**	5·03	0·05	5·05	0·06	4·95	0·06	5·07	0·05	0·97
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡ ^¶ ^**	5·00	0·05	5·03	0·06	4·96	0·06	5·11	0·06	0·40
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) (n 3116)
Simple adjustment^*	1·35	0·02	1·38	0·02	1·35	0·02	1·36	0·02	0·96
Multivariate adjustment^†	1·35	0·02	1·37	0·02	1·35	0·02	1·36	0·02	0·86
Dietary adjustment^† ^¶	1·35	0·02	1·37	0·02	1·35	0·02	1·36	0·02	0·78
Lifestyle adjustment^† ^¶ ^**	1·35	0·02	1·36	0·02	1·35	0·02	1·36	0·02	0·97
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡ ^¶ ^**	1·36	0·02	1·37	0·02	1·35	0·02	1·34	0·02	0·50
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) (n 2614)
Simple adjustment^*	3·17	0·06	3·13	0·06	3·08	0·05	3·09	0·05	0·25
Multivariate adjustment^†	3·16	0·05	3·12	0·05	3·08	0·06	3·11	0·05	0·40
Dietary adjustment^† ^¶	3·16	0·05	3·12	0·06	3·08	0·06	3·11	0·05	0·39
Lifestyle adjustment^† ^¶ ^**	3·14	0·05	3·11	0·05	3·06	0·06	3·14	0·05	0·88
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡ ^¶ ^**	3·10	0·05	3·09	0·05	3·07	0·06	3·18	0·05	0·40
Apo-B (mmol/l) (n 3115)
Simple adjustment^*	1·00	0·02	0·99	0·02	0·97	0·02	0·97	0·01	0·15
Multivariate adjustment^†	0·99	0·02	0·99	0·02	0·98	0·02	0·97	0·02	0·38
Dietary adjustment^† ^¶	0·99	0·02	0·99	0·02	0·98	0·02	0·97	0·01	0·30
Lifestyle adjustment^† ^¶ ^**	0·98	0·02	0·98	0·02	0·97	0·02	0·98	0·02	0·79
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡ ^¶ ^**	0·97	0·02	0·97	0·02	0·98	0·02	0·99	0·01	0·42
C-reactive protein (mmol/l) (n 3114)
Simple adjustment^*	3·19	0·41	2·93	0·29	2·51	0·21	2·52	0·25	0·10
Multivariate adjustment^†	3·17	0·39	2·88	0·29	2·52	0·21	2·59	0·25	0·14
Dietary adjustment^† ^¶	3·13	0·40	2·88	0·29	2·55	0·21	2·59	0·25	0·20
Lifestyle adjustment^† ^¶ ^**	3·04	0·43	2·71	0·27	2·52	0·21	2·59	0·28	0·36
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡ ^¶ ^**	3·16	0·42	2·78	0·31	2·49	0·21	2·44	0·28	0·15
TAG (mmol/l) (n 2640)
Simple adjustment^*	1·16	0·02	1·10	0·03	1·07	0·03	1·10	0·03	0·14
Multivariate adjustment^†	1·13	0·03	1·11	0·03	1·07	0·03	1·10	0·03	0·39
Dietary adjustment^† ^††	1·12	0·03	1·11	0·03	1·07	0·03	1·11	0·03	0·60
Lifestyle adjustment^† ^** ^††	1·11	0·02	1·11	0·03	1·07	0·03	1·11	0·03	0·88
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡ ^** ^††	1·11	0·02	1·11	0·03	1·07	0·03	1·10	0·03	0·69
Fasting glucose (mmol/l) (n 2641)
Simple adjustment^*	5·09	0·04	5·11	0·03	5·00	0·03	5·00	0·03	0·02
Multivariate adjustment^†	5·09	0·04	5·11	0·04	5·01	0·03	5·01	0·03	0·07
Dietary adjustment^† ^‡‡	5·09	0·04	5·11	0·04	5·01	0·03	5·01	0·03	0·07
Lifestyle adjustment^† ^‖ ^‡‡	5·09	0·04	5·11	0·03	5·00	0·03	5·02	0·03	0·06
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡ ^‖ ^‡‡	5·10	0·05	5·11	0·04	5·00	0·03	5·00	0·03	0·048
HbA1c (%) (n 3107)
Simple adjustment^*	5·48	0·04	5·43	0·03	5·39	0·02	5·38	0·02	0·02
Multivariate adjustment^†	5·47	0·04	5·44	0·03	5·39	0·02	5·38	0·02	0·03
Dietary adjustment^† ^‡‡	5·47	0·04	5·44	0·03	5·39	0·02	5·38	0·02	0·03
Lifestyle adjustment^† ^‖ ^‡‡	5·47	0·04	5·44	0·03	5·40	0·02	5·38	0·02	0·05
Cereal fibre adjustment^† ^‡ ^‖ ^‡‡	5·48	0·04	5·45	0·03	5·39	0·02	5·37	0·02	0·03

BP, blood pressure.

Adjusted for age and sex.

^†

Adjusted for age, sex, total energy intake, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, fruit and vegetable serves.

^‡

Adjusted for cereal fibre intake.

^§

Adjusted for Na intake.

^‖

Adjusted for BMI.

^¶

Adjusted for saturated and trans-fat intake and PUFA intake.

^**

Adjusted for BMI and lipid-lowering medication use.

^††

Adjusted for saturated and trans-fat intake, PUFA intake and free sugar intake.

^‡‡

Adjusted for free sugar intake.