Table 2.
Prevalence of malnutrition in all its forms by wealth status, educational level and ethnicity in vulnerable groups, Guatemala 2014–2015 (data are from the National Maternal and Child Health Survey 2014–2015)
| Undernutrition | Overnutrition | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Wasting/thinness‡ | Stunting/short stature§ | Overweight‖ | Obesity¶ | Overweight/obesity‡‡ | |||||||
| n | % | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | % | 95 % CI | |
| Children aged <5 years | ||||||||||||
| All | 11 962 | 100·0 | 0·7 | 0·5, 0·9 | 46·7 | 45·0, 48·6 | 3·9 | 3·5, 4·4 | 1·0 | 0·8, 1·3 | 4·9 | 4·4, 5·5 |
| Wealth status | ||||||||||||
| Low tertile | 3964 | 33·1 | 0·7 | 0·5, 1·0 | 62·0 | 59·8, 64·1 | 3·9 | 3·3, 4·6 | 0·4 | 0·2, 0·7 | 4·3 | 3·6, 5·1 |
| Medium tertile | 3993 | 33·4 | 0·6 | 0·4, 0·9 | 47·2* | 44·9, 49·5 | 3·3 | 2·6, 4·2 | 0·9* | 0·6, 1·3 | 4·2 | 3·5, 5·1 |
| High tertile | 4005 | 33·5 | 0·6 | 0·4, 0·9 | 22·2*,† | 20·4, 24·2 | 4·8† | 3·9, 5·7 | 2·1*,† | 1·5, 2·9 | 6·8 | 5·8, 7·9 |
| Mother’s educational level | ||||||||||||
| Low | 6418 | 53·7 | 0·7 | 0·6, 1·0 | 57·9 | 55·9, 59·8 | 3·4 | 2·9, 3·9 | 0·6 | 0·4, 0·8 | 4·0 | 3·3, 4·6 |
| Medium | 4136 | 34·6 | 0·5 | 0·3, 0·9 | 34·9* | 32·8, 37·1 | 4·4* | 3·7, 5·2 | 0·9 | 0·6, 1·4 | 5·3* | 4·3, 6·6 |
| High | 1408 | 11·8 | 0·6 | 0·3, 1·4 | 19·7*,† | 17·2, 22·1 | 5·8* | 4·4, 7·6 | 0·4*,† | 0·2, 0·5 | 6·2*,† | 4·6, 8·1 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Indigenous | 5225 | 43·8 | 0·6 | 0·4, 0·9 | 60·1 | 57·9, 62·2 | 3·7 | 3·1, 4·3 | 0·6 | 0·4, 0·9 | 4·3 | 3·7, 5·0 |
| Non-indigenous | 6719 | 56·2 | 0·7 | 0·5, 1·0 | 36·4* | 34·1, 38·8 | 4·2 | 3·6, 4·8 | 1·2* | 0·9, 1·7 | 5·4* | 4·7, 6·2 |
| Adolescent girls aged 15–19 years | ||||||||||||
| All | 1086 | 100·0 | 0·3 | 0·2, 0·5 | 52·4 | 48·3, 51·7 | 22·8 | 19·6, 26·5 | 5·6 | 4·1, 7·5 | 28·4 | 25·7, 31·1 |
| Wealth status | ||||||||||||
| Low tertile | 399 | 36·7 | 0·3 | 0·1, 0·5 | 68·3 | 61·8, 74·0 | 17·1 | 12·5, 22·9 | 2·2 | 0·9, 5·3 | 19·3 | 15·4, 23·2 |
| Medium tertile | 404 | 37·2 | 0·2 | 0·1, 0·5 | 44·7* | 38·6, 51·1 | 26·3* | 20·9, 32·4 | 6·4* | 4·0, 10·3 | 32·7* | 28·1, 37·3 |
| High tertile | 283 | 26·1 | 0·7* | 0·3, 1·2 | 33·3*,† | 26·3, 41·1 | 29·6* | 22·4, 37·8 | 11·2* | 7·1, 17·2 | 40·8* | 35·1, 46·5 |
| Educational level | ||||||||||||
| Low | 488 | 44·9 | 0·3 | 0·2, 0·5 | 59·4 | 53·1, 65·3 | 23·2 | 18·1, 29·2 | 4·0 | 2·2, 7·6 | 27·2 | 23·3, 31·1 |
| Medium | 567 | 52·2 | 0·4 | 0·3, 0·6 | 47·2* | 41·9, 52·4 | 22·3 | 18·1, 27·2 | 6·8 | 4·5, 9·7 | 29·1* | 25·3, 32·8 |
| High | 31 | 2·8 | 0·6 | 0·1, 0·3 | 20·4*,† | 8·9, 40·2 | 27·7 | 12·8, 49·7 | 8·7 | 2·1, 30·0 | 36·4* | 19·5, 53·3 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Indigenous | 475 | 43·9 | 0·6 | 0·3, 1·2 | 67·8 | 61·8, 73·2 | 17·7 | 13·5, 22·8 | 2·9 | 1·4, 5·8 | 20·6 | 16·9, 24·2 |
| Non-indigenous | 607 | 56·1 | 0·8* | 0·4, 0·8 | 40·1* | 34·8, 45·6 | 26·9* | 22·1, 32·4 | 7·8* | 5·6, 10·9 | 34·7* | 30·9, 38·5 |
| WRA aged 20–49 years | ||||||||||||
| All | 11 354 | 100·0 | 1·3 | 1·0, 1·6 | 50·4 | 48·7, 52·1 | 40·1 | 38·3, 41·9 | 16·5 | 15·4, 17·8 | 56·6 | 55·7, 57·5 |
| Wealth status | ||||||||||||
| Low tertile | 3748 | 33·0 | 1·2 | 0·8, 1·8 | 62·8 | 60·2, 65·3 | 32·9 | 30·3, 35·8 | 8·8 | 7·4, 10·5 | 41·7 | 40·1, 43·3 |
| Medium tertile | 3744 | 32·9 | 1·2 | 0·8, 1·8 | 50·3* | 47·9, 52·3 | 42·0* | 39·1, 44·9 | 19·1* | 17·2, 21·1 | 61·1* | 59·5, 62·7 |
| High tertile | 3862 | 34·1 | 1·6 | 1·1, 2·3 | 31·1*,† | 28·7, 33·6 | 50·3*,† | 47·5, 53·1 | 25·1*,† | 23·1, 27·3 | 75·4*,† | 74·0, 76·7 |
| Educational level | ||||||||||||
| Low | 6213 | 54·7 | 1·0 | 0·1, 1·4 | 59·6 | 57·6, 61·6 | 38·4 | 36·1, 40·8 | 15·1 | 13·6, 16·8 | 53·5 | 52·3, 54·7 |
| Medium | 3726 | 32·8 | 1·7* | 1·2, 2·4 | 39·7* | 37·4, 42·2 | 41·6 | 38·9, 44·3 | 17·1 | 15·4, 19·1 | 58·7* | 57·1, 60·3 |
| High | 1415 | 12·5 | 1·6 | 0·9, 2·9 | 28·3*,† | 25·4, 31·6 | 45·3* | 41·1, 49·5 | 22·8*,† | 19·8, 26·1 | 68·1*,† | 65·7, 70·5 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| Indigenous | 4956 | 43·7 | 0·7 | 0·4, 1·2 | 64·0 | 61·9, 66·1 | 37·1 | 34·6, 39·6 | 12·3 | 11·1, 14·1 | 49·4 | 48·0, 50·8 |
| Non-indigenous | 6384 | 56·3 | 1·8* | 1·4, 2·3 | 39·8* | 37·6, 42·2 | 42·3* | 40·2, 44·9 | 19·7* | 18·0, 21·5 | 62·0* | 60·8, 63·2 |
WRA, women of reproductive age; WHZ, weight-for-height Z-score; BMIZ, BMI-for-age Z-score; HAZ, height-for-age Z-score.
Education level is based on years of education and is based on mother’s education level for children and adolescents.
P < 0·05 v. low tertile/low education/indigenous.
P < 0·05 v. medium tertile/medium education.
Wasting: WHZ < −2 for children aged <5 years; and BMIZ < −2 for adolescent girls aged 15–19 years. Thinness: BMI < 18·5 kg/m2 for women aged 20–49 years.
Stunting: HAZ < −2 for children aged <5 years; and HAZ < −2 for adolescent girls aged 15–19 years. Short stature: height < 149 cm for women aged 20–49 years.
Overweight: BMIZ > +2 and ≤+3 for children aged <5 years; BMIZ > +1 and ≤+2 for adolescent girls aged 15–19 years; and BMI ≥ 25 and <30 kg/m2 for women aged 20–49 years.
Obesity: BMIZ > +3 for children aged <5 years; BMIZ > +2 for adolescent girls aged 15–19 years; and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 for women aged 20–49 years.
Overweight/obesity: BMIZ > +2 for children aged <5 years; BMIZ > +1 for adolescent girls aged 15–19 years; and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 for women aged 20–49 years.