Table 1.
Factors influencing macrophage polarity and reprogramming
| Factors | M1 macrophage | M2 macrophage | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stimulation | LPS, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, TNFα | LPS, ICs, GCs, LIF, adenosine, TGF-β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-33, Th cytokine, M-CSF, helminth | 17 |
| Cytokines | High TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL-23 | Low IL-12, IL-23, high IL-1RA, IL-10, IL-4/IL-13 | |
| Markers | CD86, CD80, CD68, MHC II, IL-1R, TLR2, TLR4, iNOS, SOCS3 | CD86, CD163, MHC II, SR, MMR/CD206, CD200R, TLR1, TLR8, VEGF, MMP9, TGM2, DecoyR, IL-1R, IIMR, Fizz-1, Ym1 | |
| Chemokines | CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13, CXCL16 CX3CL1, CXCR3; CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CCL11, CCL15, CCL19, CCL20; NOS2, CD64, IDO, SOCS1 | CCL1, CCL2, CCL5, CxCL10, CCL13, CCL14, CCL17, CCL18,CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, CCL26, CXCL16, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4 | |
| Reprogramming | Reprogramming from M2 to M1; Superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticle (SPIONs), Glycocalyx-mimicking NPs (glycol-NPs), Ag, Au, Co, ZnO, TiO2, SiO2 | Reprogramming from M1 to M2; hyaluronic acid-poly (ethyleneimine), plasmid DNA NPs (HA-PEI/pDNA), miR-223-expressing plasmid DNA-encapsulated, HA-PEI NPs (HA-PEI/miR-223 NPs), alginate NPs, Au, Ti | |
| Other macrophage-induced products | STAT1, STAT2, IRF5, p65, iron uptake, and metabolism; high ROS, ROIs, NO, and MHC I, low IL-10 | STAT3, STAT6, IRF4, p50, iron release, folate uptake and metabolism, arginase 1 to polyamine |