. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Aging Health. 2022 Nov 22;35(7-8):455–465. doi: 10.1177/08982643221138162

Table 4:

Multivariable-adjusted associations of hearing status (referent=normal hearing) with health-related quality of life (mental component score; physical component score) and depressive symptoms. Results for health-related quality of life are presented as linear regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals. Results for depressive symptoms are presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals.

Health-Related Quality of Life: Mental Component Score^a
	Hearing loss (mild + moderate+) n=1163		Mild hearing loss n=720		Moderate or worse hearing loss n=443
	B	95% CI [LL, UL]	B	95% CI [LL, UL]	B	95% CI [LL, UL]
Normal hearing n=2411	REFERENT
Hearing loss (hearing aid users + non-users) n=1163	−0.99	[−1.65, −0.33]	−0.90	[−1.61, −0.19]	−1.82	[−2.78, −0.86]
Hearing aid users n=320	−0.91	[−1.93, 0.10]	−0.52	[−2.16, 1.13]	−1.42	[−2.59, −0.26]
Non-users n=843	−1.00	[−1.72, −0.29]	−0.96	[−1.70, −0.21]	−2.33	[−3.63, −1.04]
Health-Related Quality of Life: Physical Component Score^b
	Hearing loss (mild + moderate+) n=1163		Mild hearing loss n=720		Moderate or worse hearing loss n=443
	B	95% CI [LL, UL]	B	95% CI [LL, UL]	B	95% CI [LL, UL]
Normal hearing n=2411	REFERENT
Hearing loss (hearing aid users + non-users) n=1163	−0.76	[−1.50, −0.03]	−0.65	[−1.45, 0.15]	−2.13	[−3.18, −1.08]
Hearing aid users n=320	−0.95	[−2.08, 0.17]	−1.21	[−3.04, 0.61]	−1.70	[−3.00, −0.40]
Non-users n=843	−0.69	[−1.49, 0.11]	−0.57	[−1.41, 0.27]	−2.65	[−4.04, −1.25]
Depressive Symptoms^c
	Hearing loss (mild + moderate+) n=1163		Mild hearing loss n=720		Moderate or worse hearing loss n=443
	OR	95% CI [LL, UL]	OR	95% CI [LL, UL]	OR	95% CI [LL, UL]
Normal hearing n=2411	REFERENT
Hearing loss (hearing aid users + non-users) n=1163	1.49	[1.16, 1.91]	1.39	[1.05, 1.84]	1.96	[1.38, 2.75]
Hearing aid users n=320	1.33	[0.91, 1.94]	0.88	[0.39, 1.77]	1.66	[1.07, 2.53]
Non-users n=843	1.55	[1.19, 2.02]	1.47	[1.09, 1.96]	2.31	[1.51, 3.51]

Note. Cell sizes may vary slightly due to missing data.

Adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, exercise, and n of sites with plaque.

Adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, smoking, exercise, diabetes, BMI, chronic disease and history of head injury.

Adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, noise exposure, exercise, diabetes, chronic disease and history of head injury.