Table 1.

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of DR patients, DM patients and healthy controls.

	Normal Control	DM	DR	P Values
Patients (Female)	36 (23)	45 (20)	24 (8)	0.181
Age, yr	54.00 ± 9.83	58.20 ± 10.22	53.88 ± 7.96	0.083
Eyes	71	87	47	0.999
Type of DM	N/A	2	2	N/A
Duration of DM, yr	N/A	7.02 ± 6.17	11.38 ± 7.10	0.010
FBG, mmol/L	N/A	7.82 ± 2.36	9.24 ± 3.45	0.059
HbA1c, %	N/A	7.42 ± 1.48	9.12 ± 2.09	0.000
AL, mm	23.33 ± 0.69	23.60 ± 0.85	23.51 ± 0.79	0.087
Hypertension	36 (10)	45 (14)	24 (6)	0.859

Values are shown as means ± SD. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

DM, diabetes mellitus; DR, diabetic retinopathy; FBG, fasting blood-glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1C; AL, axial lengths; N/A, not applicable.