Table 6.

Effect of salinity stress on growth, physio-biochemical process, and antioxidant activities of various crops.

Crop species	Salinity stress	Effects	References
Pea	100 mM NaCl	SS reduced shoot length, leaves/plant, days to flowering and chlorophyll contents and increased, proline contents, antioxidant activity and accumulation of Na+.	Ishrat et al. (2022)
Wheat	250 mM NaCl	SS reduced plant height, leaf area, biomass, grain weight, grain yield, chlorophyll, carotenoids, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration and stomatal conductance and increased antioxidants (SOD, POD, CAT) activity.	Desoky et al. (2021)
Water Dropwort	200 mM NaCl	The growth parameters, relative water contents, chlorophyll contents and Na+ accumulation was increased under SS.	Kumar et al. (2021)
Sweet pepper	4000 ppm	SS reduced chl a and b contents, RWC (%) while increased leakage, proline contents and activity of CAT and POD.	Abdelaal et al. (2019)
Tomato	100 mM NaCl	SS caused a reduction in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments (Chl a and b), soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and K+ content. However, SS increased concentration of proline, MDA and H2O2.	Attia et al. (2021)
Cumin	100 mM NaCl	SS reduced germination index, plant biomass, and chlorophyll contents, however, SS increased, leucine, glycine, proline, H2O2, and MDA contents.	Pandey et al. (2015)
Wheat	200 mM NaCl	SS decreased K+ contents and K+/Na+ ratio, root and shoot length, relative growth rate chlorophyll fluorescence, and chlorophyll contents.	Saddiq et al. (2021)
Lettuce	100 mM NaCl	SS significantly reduced the leaf area, root and shoot growth and photosynthetic efficiency.	Al-Maskri et al. (2010)