Table 8.

Effect of biochar on various oxidative stress markers under salinity stress.

Crop	Salinity stress	BC application	Effects	References
Borage	50 mM NaCl	5%	The addition of biochar mitigated the effect of salinity by reducing Cl−, Na+, and Na+-translocation, and H2O2 and MDA accumulation.	Farouk and Al-Huqail (2022)
Spinach	150 mM NaCl	1%	Biochar reduced electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, H2O2, OH contents, MDA and ROS production SS.	Sofy et al. (2021)
Tomato	100 mM NaCl	10%	BC improved membrane leakage by increasing SOD, POD, CAT activity.	Kul et al. (2021)
Wheat	150 mM NaCl	2%	Biochar application improved osmotic potential increasing membrane stability, proline content, and soluble sugar percentage.	Kanwal et al. (2018)
Quinoa	30 mM NaAsO2	2%	Biochar ameliorated the oxidative stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT).	Shabbir et al. (2021)
Rapeseed	12 dS m−1 NaCl	30 g biochar per kg soil	Biochar protected the membrane by decreasing lipid peroxidation, H2O2, and MDA accumulation due to increase in SOD, POD, CAT, POX, phenols, and flavonoids.	Ghassemi-Golezani and Abdoli (2022)
Wheat	EC: 4.3 dS m−1	1 kg m−2	The application of BC reduced the oxidative stress by increasing CAT, APX, and Mn-SOD genes.	Hafez et al. (2021)
Sorghum	12.6 dS m−1	5%	BC protected the membrane stability by decreasing MDA accumulation owing to increased SOD, POD and CAT.	Hussien Ibrahim et al. (2020)