Table 4.

Variation of different monitored quinoa morphological traits as affected by salinity level and organic amendments.

Treatments	PH (cm)	No.IN	PnL (cm)	RL (cm)	PnWd (cm)	No.Pn	StDia (mm)	RV (cm3)	RDW (g)	StDW (g)	PnDW (g)	LDW (g)	PDW (g)	DtoF (days)
ECiw = 4 dS/m	49.1 ± 7.1 A	28.13 ± 2.34 A	13.99 ± 2.35 AB	17.32 ± 3.02	4.88 ± 1.07 AB	10.47 ± 4.24	6.53 ± 2.1 A	2.57 ± 1.33	1.07 ± 0.54 A	2.11 ± 1.18 A	6.6 ± 3.16 B	3.98 ± 2.16 B	15.05 ± 7.08 AB	38.43 ± 2.87 B
Control	53.67 ± 3.06 ab	27.67 ± 0.58 abcd	14.67 ± 1.16 abc	15 ± 2.65 cde	4.43 ± 0.51 ab	7.67 ± 3.21 b	6.67 ± 1.53 ab	2 ± 1 bc	0.7 ± 0.32 bc	1.34 ± 0.61 bc	5 ± 1.81 ab	3.05 ± 1.33 c	13.79 ± 4.78 bc	41 ± 0 ab
Biochar	45.67 ± 2.89 b	26.67 ± 0.58 cd	11.43 ± 1.6 c	13.5 ± 1.5 e	3.3 ± 0.7 b	7.33 ± 2.52 b	3.67 ± 1.53 b	1.33 ± 0.58 c	0.35 ± 0.1 c	1.03 ± 0.37 c	4.02 ± 2.21 b	2.72 ± 0.88 c	8.12 ± 2.65 c	40.67 ± 4.62 ab
Chicken manure	54.33 ± 3.79 ab	28.33 ± 1.53 abc	14.67 ± 1.53 abc	18.17 ± 1.44 bcd	6.07 ± 0.7 a	20 ± 4.36 a	10 ± 2 a	5 ± 1 a	2.25 ± 0.5 a	4.99 ± 1.04 a	7.8 ± 4.29 ab	7.04 ± 2.26 ab	27.51 ± 5.82 a	38 ± 0 ab
Compost	41.33 ± 6.43 b	24 ± 1 d	16.33 ± 0.58 ab	17.33 ± 1.04 bcde	3.6 ± 0.96 b	8 ± 1 b	6.67 ± 1.53 ab	3.33 ± 1.16 abc	1.07 ± 0.47 bc	1.69 ± 0.71 bc	3.7 ± 1.66 b	2.44 ± 1.46 c	8.01 ± 4.43 c	37 ± 1.73 ab
Cow manure	42.33 ± 5.03 b	31 ± 2 ab	14.33 ± 0.58 bc	18.67 ± 0.58 abc	5.2 ± 0.76 ab	10.67 ± 2.08 b	7 ± 1 ab	2.33 ± 0.58 bc	1.06 ± 0.18 bc	1.82 ± 0.56 bc	8.5 ± 2.25 ab	3.11 ± 1.55 c	17.14 ± 5.85 abc	38 ± 3 ab
Goat manure	61.33 ± 4.62 a	29.67 ± 2.08 abc	13 ± 0 bc	20.17 ± 1.26 ab	5.8 ± 0.99 a	8.67 ± 2.08 b	7 ± 1 ab	1.67 ± 0.58 c	0.98 ± 0.42 bc	1.77 ± 0.34 bc	5.07 ± 1.41 ab	3.03 ± 0.63 c	10.47 ± 2.14 c	37 ± 1.73 ab
Lombricompost	50.67 ± 7.57 ab	27.67 ± 0.58 abcd	12 ± 1 c	14 ± 1 de	4.63 ± 0.32 ab	13 ± 2 ab	5.33 ± 1.53 ab	1.33 ± 0.58 c	0.96 ± 0.12 bc	1.92 ± 0.38 bc	5.81 ± 1.17 ab	2.43 ± 0.36 c	12.5 ± 0.96 bc	42.67 ± 2.89 a
Sheep manure	48 ± 3.46 b	27.67 ± 0.58 abcd	13.33 ± 1.16 bc	15.4 ± 0.53 cde	6 ± 0.5 a	11.33 ± 2.89 b	7 ± 3.61 ab	4 ± 1 ab	1.4 ± 0.38 ab	2.91 ± 0.56 b	11.35 ± 2.58 a	7.88 ± 1.77 a	23.55 ± 5.03 ab	38 ± 0 ab
H. illucens frass	50 ± 3 ab	31.33 ± 2.08 a	18.33 ± 2.52 a	18.5 ± 0.5 abc	5.07 ± 0.7 ab	9 ± 3 b	6 ± 1 ab	2.33 ± 0.58 bc	0.93 ± 0.01 bc	2.15 ± 0.29 bc	10.01 ± 2.27 ab	4.52 ± 0.85 abc	17.6 ± 3.41 abc	35 ± 0 b
T. molitor frass	43.67 ± 2.89 b	27.33 ± 0.58 bcd	11.83 ± 1.26 c	22.5 ± 2.5 a	4.7 ± 0.3 ab	9 ± 0 b	6 ± 0 ab	2.33 ± 0.58 bc	1.01 ± 0.03 bc	1.48 ± 0.1 bc	4.76 ± 0.82 b	3.61 ± 0.41 bc	11.81 ± 1.97 c	37 ± 1.73 ab
ECiw = 12 dS/m	45.7 ± 8.13 B	27.63 ± 3.22 A	14.68 ± 1.16 A	18.23 ± 3.42	4.54 ± 0.57 B	10.73 ± 3.67	5.69 ± 1.1 B	2.13 ± 0.86	0.84 ± 0.36 B	1.65 ± 0.7 B	6.56 ± 3.02 B	3.37 ± 1.38 B	12.92 ± 5.48 B	39.33 ± 3.76 AB
Control	47 ± 5.2 abc	29.33 ± 2.08 ab	14 ± 1 ab	15.5 ± 1.5 b	4.93 ± 0.12	15 ± 2.65 a	6 ± 1	2.33 ± 0.58 ab	1.03 ± 0.3 abc	2.28 ± 0.64 ab	8.05 ± 1.38 abc	5.35 ± 1.46 a	16.71 ± 3.28 ab	39 ± 1.73 ab
Biochar	42.67 ± 4.04 bc	27.33 ± 1.53 abc	14 ± 1 ab	17.67 ± 0.58 ab	4.57 ± 0.45	11 ± 1 ab	6.67 ± 0.58	2.67 ± 0.58 ab	1 ± 0.18 abc	1.73 ± 0.3 ab	6.33 ± 0.54 bcd	4.42 ± 0.44 ab	14.32 ± 1.75 abc	38 ± 0 ab
Chicken manure	51.33 ± 2.52 ab	25 ± 1 bc	14.33 ± 0.58 ab	20 ± 2 ab	4.57 ± 0.32	11.33 ± 0.58 ab	6 ± 1	2.33 ± 0.58 ab	0.58 ± 0.16 bc	1.24 ± 0.3 b	6.92 ± 1.15 bcd	3.48 ± 0.4 ab	13.59 ± 1.46 abc	37 ± 1.73 b
Compost	43 ± 4.58 abc	26.33 ± 0.58 bc	15 ± 1 ab	16 ± 1 ab	4.63 ± 0.95	12 ± 3 ab	7 ± 2	3.33 ± 1.16 a	1.23 ± 0.47 ab	1.93 ± 0.57 ab	9.63 ± 3.26 ab	3.27 ± 1.33 ab	18.1 ± 6.14 a	37 ± 3.46 b
Cow manure	33.67 ± 3.21 c	27.67 ± 0.58 abc	15.5 ± 0.71 ab	15.33 ± 1.16 b	4.33 ± 0.15	6 ± 0 b	5 ± 1	1.33 ± 0.58 b	0.48 ± 0.03 c	0.92 ± 0.09 b	3.37 ± 1.22 d	2.09 ± 1.03 b	6.86 ± 1.56 c	44.33 ± 2.89 a
Goat manure	40 ± 1.73 bc	22.67 ± 0.58 c	15.67 ± 0.58 ab	21.33 ± 6.29 ab	4.23 ± 0.25	8.67 ± 1.16 ab	5.67 ± 1.16	1.67 ± 1.16 ab	0.48 ± 0.16 c	1.23 ± 0.37 b	3.78 ± 0.52 cd	3.38 ± 0.52 ab	8.08 ± 1.83 abc	44.33 ± 2.89 a
Lombricompost	41 ± 3.61 bc	29 ± 1.73 ab	13.17 ± 1.04 b	16.83 ± 1.26 ab	3.8 ± 0.61	6.67 ± 1.53 b	4 ± 0	1 ± 0 b	0.56 ± 0.01 bc	0.86 ± 0.21 b	2.89 ± 0.8 d	1.56 ± 0.34 b	5.77 ± 1 c	42.67 ± 2.89 ab
Sheep manure	58.33 ± 9.07 a	33 ± 5.57 a	16.25 ± 0.35 a	18.33 ± 1.53 ab	4.37 ± 0.4	8.67 ± 2.31 ab	6.33 ± 1.53	2 ± 0 ab	0.93 ± 0.13 abc	1.74 ± 0.44 ab	5.78 ± 0.84 bcd	3.72 ± 2.16 ab	12.17 ± 2.84 bc	39 ± 3.46 ab
H. illucens frass	50.67 ± 10.21 ab	29.33 ± 1.16 ab	14.33 ± 1.53 ab	23.67 ± 4.04 a	5.13 ± 0.85	14 ± 5.29 a	5.67 ± 0.58	2 ± 0 ab	0.8 ± 0.19 abc	1.84 ± 0.97 ab	7.13 ± 1.83 abcd	3.26 ± 0.78 ab	13.03 ± 3.71 abc	36 ± 1.73 b
T. molitor frass	49.33 ± 2.08 ab	26.67 ± 0.58 bc	15.33 ± 0.58 ab	17.67 ± 1.53 ab	4.83 ± 0.47	14 ± 2.65 a	5.67 ± 1.16	2.67 ± 0.58 ab	1.3 ± 0.37 a	2.7 ± 0.51 a	11.76 ± 2.31 a	3.2 ± 1.26 ab	20.57 ± 5.64 a	36 ± 1.73 b
ECiw = 20 dS/m	38.53 ± 6.81 C	25.3 ± 2.84 B	13.32 ± 2.41 B	17.87 ± 3.18	4.92 ± 0.97 A	11.28 ± 3.39	5.9 ± 1.4 AB	2.47 ± 1.17	0.95 ± 0.56 AB	1.79 ± 1.09 AB	9.06 ± 4.29 A	4.83 ± 2.04 A	16.36 ± 7.29 A	40.17 ± 2.83 A
Control	30 ± 3.61 b	25.67 ± 0.58 ab	11.33 ± 1.53 b	18.67 ± 2.08 ab	4.53 ± 0.4 bcde	7.67 ± 2.31 c	4.67 ± 0.58 cd	1.67 ± 0.58 bc	0.4 ± 0.18 b	0.98 ± 0.55 d	9.25 ± 1.66 abc	4.54 ± 1.31 bcd	16.29 ± 3.99 abc	41 ± 0 abc
Biochar	35 ± 5.57 ab	25.67 ± 2.31 ab	12.5 ± 0.87 ab	17 ± 1 abc	5.67 ± 0.76 abc	12.67 ± 0.58 abc	7 ± 0 ab	2.67 ± 0.58 abc	1.42 ± 0.49 a	1.39 ± 0.55 cd	9.04 ± 0.41 abc	6.02 ± 1.99 abc	18.67 ± 2.97 abc	41 ± 0 abc
Chicken manure	30.67 ± 0.58 b	24.33 ± 0.58 ab	12 ± 1 ab	13.83 ± 0.29 bc	3.33 ± 0.35 e	7 ± 0 c	3.67 ± 0.58 d	1 ± 0 c	0.24 ± 0.05 b	0.63 ± 0.07 d	2.69 ± 1.26 c	1.96 ± 0.06 d	7.03 ± 1.71 c	44.33 ± 2.89 a
Compost	37.33 ± 1.16 ab	26 ± 2.65 ab	11.67 ± 2.52 ab	19 ± 1 ab	4.17 ± 0.29 de	9 ± 0 bc	6 ± 1 abc	2.33 ± 0.58 bc	1.01 ± 0.17 ab	1.31 ± 0.22 d	6.82 ± 2.16 abc	3.59 ± 0.82 bcd	10.28 ± 1.02 bc	43.33 ± 4.62 ab
Cow manure	38 ± 6.56 ab	21.33 ± 3.06 b	13.33 ± 1.53 ab	17 ± 1.73 abc	4.67 ± 0.61 bcde	12 ± 4.36 abc	6 ± 0 abc	2.33 ± 0.58 bc	0.97 ± 0.41 ab	1.26 ± 0.28 d	8.09 ± 3.48 abc	4.25 ± 0.9 bcd	14.56 ± 3.86 abc	38 ± 0 bc
Goat manure	38.33 ± 4.73 ab	25 ± 2.65 ab	13.33 ± 3.51 ab	21 ± 1 a	5.43 ± 0.81 abcd	16.33 ± 3.79 a	6.67 ± 1.16 abc	4.67 ± 1.53 a	1.76 ± 0.64 a	2.91 ± 1.16 abc	14.43 ± 6.06 a	8.15 ± 1.66 a	27.24 ± 9.41 a	41 ± 0 abc
Lombricompost	42.67 ± 5.69 ab	24 ± 2 ab	16 ± 3 ab	20.33 ± 3.21 a	6.33 ± 0.64 a	11.67 ± 0.58 abc	7.33 ± 0.58 ab	2.67 ± 0.58 abc	1.24 ± 0.33 ab	2.94 ± 0.65 ab	12.99 ± 3.29 ab	6.16 ± 1.41 ab	23.77 ± 3.53 a	38 ± 0 bc
Sheep manure	44.33 ± 5.51 ab	25.33 ± 1.16 ab	12 ± 1 ab	12.73 ± 1.1 c	4.27 ± 0.45 cde	11.33 ± 2.08 abc	5.33 ± 0.58 bcd	1.33 ± 0.58 bc	0.31 ± 0.07 b	0.9 ± 0.23 d	5.12 ± 0.99 bc	2.58 ± 0.24 cd	8.91 ± 1.23 bc	37 ± 1.73 bc
H. illucens frass	42 ± 6.08 ab	25.33 ± 1.16 ab	14 ± 0 ab	17.83 ± 2.25 abc	5 ± 0 abcd	14.67 ± 0.58 ab	4.67 ± 1.16 cd	2.67 ± 0.58 abc	1.08 ± 0.41 ab	1.89 ± 0.41 bcd	11.92 ± 3.35 ab	5.26 ± 1.15 abcd	16.71 ± 5.55 abc	40 ± 1.73 abc
T. molitor frass	47 ± 6.08 a	30.33 ± 3.79 a	17 ± 1 a	21.33 ± 2.89 a	5.83 ± 0.15 ab	10 ± 1.41 abc	7.67 ± 0.58 a	3.33 ± 0.58 ab	1.12 ± 0.26 ab	3.68 ± 0.27 a	10.32 ± 3.39 abc	5.76 ± 1.12 abc	20.17 ± 5.39 ab	38 ± 0 c

PH, plant height; No.IN, number of internodes; PnL, panicle length; RL, root length; PnWd, panicle width; No.P, number of panicles per plant; StDia, main stem diameter; RV, root volume; RDW, root dry weight; StDW, stem dry weight; PnDW, panicle dry weight; LDW, leaves dry weight; StDW, shoot dry weight; PDW, plant dry weight; Dto, days to flowering. Different letters indicate a significant difference between salinity levels (uppercase letters) and between organic amendments (lowercase letters) at p < 0.05 level of significance using the Tukey post-hoc test. ECiw, Electrical conductivity of irrigation water.