Table 5.
Variation of quinoa fresh and dry biomass yield, seed yield, harvest index (HI), and crop water productivity (CWP) as affected by both salinity and organic amendments.
| Treatments | Fresh biomass (t·ha-1) | Dry biomass (t·ha-1) | Seed yield (t·ha-1) |
Harvest index (%) | CWP (Kg·m-3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECiw = 4 dS·m-1 | 10.2 ± 2.77 A | 2.22 ± 0.63 A | 1.47 ± 0.48 A | 36.81 ± 6.94 A | 0.59 ± 0.19 A |
| Control | 9.01 ± 1.17 cd | 1.7 ± 0.3 cd | 1.43 ± 0.31 abc | 37.76 ± 4.17 abc | 0.59 ± 0.13 abc |
| Biochar | 13.96 ± 2.27 ab | 3.39 ± 0.49 a | 1.22 ± 0.14 abc | 23.85 ± 0.01 c | 0.5 ± 0.06 bc |
| Chicken manure | 8.92 ± 2.5 cd | 2.04 ± 0.6 bcd | 2.04 ± 0.43 a | 36.26 ± 6.54 abc | 0.84 ± 0.18 a |
| Compost | 9.25 ± 1.02 cd | 2.29 ± 0.26 bcd | 1.73 ± 0.31 ab | 40.58 ± 1.83 abc | 0.6 ± 0.08 abc |
| Cow manure | 9.57 ± 1.4 bcd | 1.92 ± 0.21 bcd | 1.53 ± 0.32 abc | 42.5 ± 6.17 ab | 0.63 ± 0.13 ab |
| Goat manure | 9.69 ± 1.66 bcd | 1.88 ± 0.43 bcd | 1.33 ± 0.09 abc | 39.73 ± 7.43 abc | 0.55 ± 0.04 abc |
| Lombricompost | 6.49 ± 1.3 d | 1.58 ± 0.42 d | 0.69 ± 0.3 c | 28.57 ± 1.65 bc | 0.29 ± 0.13 c |
| Sheep manure | 8.57 ± 0.71 cd | 1.91 ± 0.18 bcd | 1.13 ± 0.4 bc | 36.61 ± 7.88 abc | 0.42 ± 0.09 bc |
| H. illucens frass | 14.59 ± 1.31 a | 2.79 ± 0.15 ab | 1.49 ± 0.14 abc | 33.49 ± 3.53 abc | 0.61 ± 0.06 abc |
| T. molitor frass | 11.91 ± 1.74 abc | 2.67 ± 0.37 abc | 2.1 ± 0.44 a | 43.84 ± 4.19 a | 0.87 ± 0.18 a |
| ECiw = 12 dS·m-1 | 8.11 ± 1.75 B | 1.66 ± 0.43 B | 1.01 ± 0.45 B | 37.58 ± 8.25 A | 0.42 ± 0.18 B |
| Control | 6.97 ± 0.71 bc | 1.39 ± 0.23 b | 1.08 ± 0.13 bc | 35.77 ± 8.33 abc | 0.45 ± 0.06 bc |
| Biochar | 7.14 ± 0.37 bc | 1.41 ± 0.03 b | 1.12 ± 0.05 abc | 44.26 ± 0.91 ab | 0.46 ± 0.02 abc |
| Chicken manure | 6.94 ± 0.98 bc | 1.35 ± 0.17 b | 0.8 ± 0.14 c | 39.23 ± 0.35 abc | 0.33 ± 0.06 c |
| Compost | 8.63 ± 0.8 abc | 1.83 ± 0.36 ab | 0.97 ± 0.27 c | 29.22 ± 3.21 bc | 0.4 ± 0.11 c |
| Cow manure | 8.48 ± 0.68 abc | 1.77 ± 0.06 ab | 1.75 ± 0.2 a | 49.63 ± 3.3 a | 0.73 ± 0.08 a |
| Goat manure | 7.79 ± 1.07 abc | 1.81 ± 0.25 ab | 0.68 ± 0.11 c | 41.05 ± 11.47 abc | 0.28 ± 0.05 c |
| Lombricompost | 5.47 ± 0.46 c | 1.1 ± 0.11 b | 0.63 ± 0.15 c | 36.2 ± 4.21 abc | 0.26 ± 0.06 c |
| Sheep manure | 10.57 ± 2.52 a | 1.65 ± 0.69 ab | 0.7 ± 0.56 c | 33.06 ± 8.99 bc | 0.29 ± 0.23 c |
| H. illucens frass | 9.03 ± 0.67 ab | 1.87 ± 0.13 ab | 0.62 ± 0.05 c | 26.3 ± 2.11 c | 0.26 ± 0.02 c |
| T. molitor frass | 10.03 ± 1.05 ab | 2.42 ± 0.17 a | 1.69 ± 0.11 ab | 41.08 ± 0.75 abc | 0.7 ± 0.05 ab |
| ECiw = 20 dS·m-1 | 6.51 ± 1.8 C | 1.41 ± 0.42 C | 0.71 ± 0.36 C | 30.36 ± 5.42 B | 0.29 ± 0.15 C |
| Control | 5.62 ± 0.08 c | 0.87 ± 0.55 b | 0.53 ± 0.2 b | 26.87 ± 2.49 de | 0.22 ± 0.08 b |
| Biochar | 5.86 ± 0.37 bc | 1.08 ± 0.25 ab | 0.47 ± 0.19 b | 23.74 ± 0.78 de | 0.2 ± 0.08 b |
| Chicken manure | 5.81 ± 0.77 c | 1.07 ± 0.02 ab | 0.53 ± 0.03 b | 33.03 ± 1.14 bc | 0.22 ± 0.02 b |
| Compost | 8.74 ± 0.74 a | 1.78 ± 0.59 ab | 0.51 ± 0.19 b | 29.54 ± 1.37 cde | 0.21 ± 0.08 b |
| Cow manure | 6 ± 0.28 bc | 1.4 ± 0.2 ab | 0.67 ± 0.19 ab | 34.63 ± 0.13 abc | 0.28 ± 0.08 ab |
| Goat manure | 5.88 ± 1.13 bc | 1.37 ± 0.29 ab | 0.68 ± 0.13 ab | 38.42 ± 3.42 ab | 0.28 ± 0.05 ab |
| Lombricompost | 7.64 ± 0.54 abc | 1.43 ± 0.13 ab | 0.57 ± 0.06 b | 28.58 ± 1.93 cde | 0.24 ± 0.02 b |
| Sheep manure | 6.88 ± 0.23 abc | 1.91 ± 0.42 a | 1.42 ± 0.54 a | 31.74 ± 2.45 bcd | 0.59 ± 0.22 a |
| H. illucens frass | 7.8 ± 0.66 ab | 1.73 ± 0.01 ab | 0.97 ± 0.38 ab | 40.7 ± 1.48 a | 0.4 ± 0.16 ab |
| T. molitor frass | 6.13 ± 0.01 bc | 1.44 ± 0.26 ab | 0.74 ± 0.4 ab | 26.31 ± 2.31 de | 0.31 ± 0.17 ab |
Different letters indicate a significant difference between salinity levels (uppercase letters) and between organic amendments (lowercase letters) at p < 0.05 level of significance using the Tukey post-hoc test. ECiw, Electrical conductivity of irrigation water.