Table 5.
Dietary patterns (DP) and the presence of overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25·0 kg/m2) among Malaysian Adult Nutrition Survey respondents in 2003 and 2014
| DP | DP quartile† | Unadjusted | Adjusted for age | Adjusted for age and sex | Adjusted for age, sex and ethnicity | Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity and household income | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR‡ | 95 % CI | OR‡ | 95 % CI | OR‡ | 95 % C† | OR‡ | 95 % CI | OR‡ | 95 % CI† | ||
| Traditional – 2003 | Q1 | 1·062 | 0·925, 1·218 | 1·044 | 0·907, 1·202 | 1·019 | 0·884, 1·174 | 1·251 | 1·075, 1·456** | 1·225 | 1·051, 1·427** |
| Q2 | 1·137 | 0·991, 1·304 | 1·134 | 0·986, 1·305 | 1·118 | 0·971, 1·286 | 1·271 | 1·099, 1·470*** | 1·253 | 1·083, 1·450** | |
| Q3 | 1·087 | 0·947, 1·247 | 1·081 | 0·940, 1·243 | 1·071 | 0·931, 1·233 | 1·122 | 0·974, 1·293 | 1·111 | 0·964, 1·281 | |
| Q4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Mixed – 2003 | Q1 | 1·085 | 0·945, 1·245 | 1·051 | 0·913, 1·209 | 1·079 | 0·936, 1·243 | 1·071 | 0·929, 1·235 | 1·101 | 0·954, 1·271 |
| Q2 | 1·141 | 0·995, 1·309 | 1·122 | 0·975, 1·291 | 1·130 | 0·982, 1·300 | 1·133 | 0·984, 1·305 | 1·149 | 0·997, 1·324 | |
| Q3 | 1·121 | 0·976, 1·286 | 1·099 | 0·955, 1·265 | 1·102 | 0·957, 1·268 | 1·114 | 0·967, 1·284 | 1·122 | 0·973, 1·293 | |
| Q4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1·000 | ||||||
| Western – 2003 | Q1 | 1·465 | 1·276, 1·681*** | 1·215 | 1·054, 1·401** | 1·203 | 1·043, 1·387* | 0·988 | 0·849, 1·149 | 1·015 | 0·872, 1·182 |
| Q2 | 1·302 | 1·134, 1·495*** | 1·148 | 0·996, 1·323 | 1·130 | 0·980, 1·303 | 0·990 | 0·855, 1·146 | 1·010 | 0·872, 1·169 | |
| Q3 | 1·212 | 1·055, 1·392** | 1·118 | 0·970, 1·288 | 1·104 | 0·958, 1·272 | 1·033 | 0·895, 1·192 | 1·050 | 0·909, 1·213 | |
| Q4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Flatbread & Beverages – 2003 | Q1 | 1·075 | 0·936, 1·233 | 0·829 | 0·718, 0·958* | 0·798 | 0·689, 0·923** | 0·917 | 0·789, 1·006 | 0·931 | 0·800, 1·082 |
| Q2 | 1·137 | 0·991, 1·304 | 0·929 | 0·805, 1·071 | 0·902 | 0·782, 1·042 | 0·964 | 0·834, 1·115 | 0·974 | 0·842, 1·127 | |
| Q3 | 1·148 | 1·001, 1·317* | 1·014 | 0·881, 1·168 | 0·996 | 0·865, 1·147 | 1·002 | 0·869, 1·155 | 1·007 | 0·873, 1·161 | |
| Q4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Traditional – 2014 | Q1 | 1·093 | 0·889, 1·343 | 1·111 | 0·901, 1·369 | 1·024 | 0·828, 1·268 | 1·132 | 0·908, 1·411 | 1·056 | 0·844, 1·321 |
| Q2 | 1·124 | 0·914, 1·382 | 1·133 | 0·919, 1·398 | 1·082 | 0·876, 1·337 | 1·165 | 0·939, 1·446 | 1·122 | 0·903, 1·395 | |
| Q3 | 1·223 | 0·996, 1·502 | 1·236 | 1·003, 1·524* | 1·201 | 0·973, 1·481 | 1·259 | 1·018, 1·556* | 1·225 | 0·989, 1·517 | |
| Q4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Mixed – 2014 | Q1 | 0·895 | 0·728, 1·100 | 0·889 | 0·721, 1·096 | 0·957 | 0·774, 1·184 | 0·921 | 0·741, 1·145 | 1·014 | 0·811, 1·268 |
| Q2 | 1·066 | 0·867, 1·311 | 1·061 | 0·860, 1·309 | 1·093 | 0·884, 1·350 | 1·064 | 0·860, 1·317 | 1·121 | 0·902, 1·393 | |
| Q3 | 1·094 | 0·889, 1·346 | 1·061 | 0·859, 1·309 | 1·050 | 0·850, 1·297 | 1·048 | 0·847, 1·297 | 1·076 | 0·868, 1·336 | |
| Q4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Western – 2014 | Q1 | 1·312 | 1·067, 1·603** | 1·041 | 0·839, 1·291 | 1·001 | 0·805, 1·243 | 1·118 | 0·895, 1·395 | 1·174 | 0·938, 1·471 |
| Q2 | 1·391 | 1·130, 1·713** | 1·156 | 0·933, 1·433 | 1·110 | 0·895, 1·378 | 1·166 | 0·937, 1·450 | 1·189 | 0·954, 1·481 | |
| Q3 | 1·204 | 0·979, 1·480 | 1·064 | 0·861, 1·314 | 1·039 | 0·841, 1·285 | 1·059 | 0·855, 1·311 | 1·068 | 0·861, 1·326 | |
| Q4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Noodles & Meat – 2014 | Q1 | 1·319 | 1·073, 1·622** | 1·291 | 1·046, 1·592* | 1·229 | 0·994, 1·518 | 0·908 | 0·705, 1·171 | 0·966 | 0·748, 1·249 |
| Q2 | 1·432 | 1·164, 1·762*** | 1·432 | 1·160, 1·767*** | 1·337 | 1·080, 1·655** | 1·042 | 0·816, 1·331 | 1·095 | 0·85, 1·401 | |
| Q3 | 1·283 | 1·044, 1·578* | 1·266 | 1·027, 1·562* | 1·206 | 0·976, 1·490 | 1·045 | 0·836, 1·306 | 1·084 | 0·865, 1·358 | |
| Q4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
*P < 0·05; **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001.
†
DP quartile refers to the quartile of adherence. Q1 and Q4 are the lowest and highest quartiles of adherence, respectively.
‡
OR and 95 % CI are calculated with the highest quartile as the reference.