Table 3.
Prevalence ratio of malnutrition associated with wealth, education level, ethnicity and residence area by age groups in Mexico – Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2012)
| Wasting/undernutrition* | Stunting/short stature† | Anemia‡ | Overweight (including obesity)§ | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted|| | Crude | Adjusted|| | Crude | Adjusted|| | Crude | Adjusted|| | |||||||||
| Prevalence ratio | 95 % CI | Prevalence ratio | 95 % CI | Prevalence ratio | 95 % CI | Prevalence ratio | 95 % CI | Prevalence ratio | 95 % CI | Prevalence ratio | 95 % CI | Prevalence ratio | 95 % CI | Prevalence ratio | 95 % CI | |
| Children <5 years | ||||||||||||||||
| Wealth | ||||||||||||||||
| Low tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Medium tertile | 0·31¶ | 0·21, 0·47 | 0·42¶ | 0·27, 0·66 | 0·47¶ | 0·39, 0·57¶ | 0·59¶ | 0·49, 0·72¶ | 0·88 | 0·76, 1·02 | 0·90 | 0·78, 1·05 | 1·19 | 0·96, 1·47 | 1·11 | 0·88, 1·41 |
| High tertile | 0·36¶ | 0·22, 0·61 | 0·52¶ | 0·31, 0·85 | 0·36¶ | 0·29, 0·45 | 0·52¶ | 0·41, 0·67 | 0·78¶ | 0·66, 0·93 | 0·85 | 0·71, 1·03 | 1·15 | 0·90, 1·46 | 1·01 | 0·76, 1·35 |
| Mother’s education level | ||||||||||||||||
| Low (0–6 years) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Medium (7–12 years) | 0·52¶ | 0·38, 0·71 | 0·77 | 0·52, 1·15 | 0·55¶ | 0·47, 0·64 | 0·76¶ | 0·65, 0·89 | 0·99 | 0·85, 1·14 | 0·98 | 0·85, 1·13 | 1·10 | 0·90, 1·35 | 1·06 | 0·86, 1·31 |
| High (>12 years) | 0·48 | 0·20, 1·18 | 0·93 | 0·38, 2·28 | 0·38¶ | 0·26, 0·55 | 0·68 | 0·46, 1·02 | 0·77¶ | 0·60, 0·98 | 0·78¶ | 0·61, 0·99 | 1·14 | 0·85, 1·52 | 1·09 | 0·79, 1·51 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
| Indigenous | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Non-indigenous | 0·30¶ | 0·22, 0·41 | 0·50¶ | 0·33, 0·74 | 0·35¶ | 0·30, 0·41 | 0·54¶ | 0·45, 0·64 | 0·93 | 0·78, 1·11 | 1·00 | 0·84, 1·20 | 0·98 | 0·76, 1·26 | 0·91 | 0·69, 1·19 |
| Residence area | ||||||||||||||||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Urban | 0·47¶ | 0·35, 0·65 | 0·80 | 0·56, 1·14 | 0·53¶ | 0·46, 0·61 | 0·83¶ | 0·72, 0·97 | 0·90 | 0·79, 1·03 | 0·98 | 0·85, 1·12 | 1·24¶ | 1·03, 1·50 | 1·22 | 0·97, 1·52 |
| Women 11–19 years | ||||||||||||||||
| Wealth | ||||||||||||||||
| Low tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Medium tertile | 1·12 | 0·65, 1·93 | 1·25 | 0·66, 2·38 | 0·57¶ | 0·46, 0·70 | 0·71¶ | 0·57, 0·89 | 0·72¶ | 0·55, 0·94 | 0·66¶ | 0·47, 0·91 | 1·27¶ | 1·12, 1·44 | 1·16¶ | 1·00, 1·34 |
| High tertile | 0·80 | 0·44, 1·43 | 0·77 | 0·33, 1·78 | 0·26¶ | 0·21, 0·33 | 0·43¶ | 0·30, 0·62 | 0·70¶ | 0·50, 0·98 | 0·53¶ | 0·36, 0·78 | 1·30¶ | 1·16, 1·47 | 1·12 | 0·96, 1·31 |
| Mother’s education level8 | ||||||||||||||||
| Low (0–6 years) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Medium (7–12 years) | 0·62 | 0·36, 1·06 | 0·63 | 0·35, 1·12 | 0·53¶ | 0·43, 0·66 | 0·87 | 0·68, 1·10 | 0·90 | 0·69, 1·18 | 0·98 | 0·73, 1·31 | 1·15¶ | 1·03, 1·28 | 1·01 | 0·90, 1·14 |
| High (>12 years) | 1·07 | 0·46, 2·47 | 1·32 | 0·52, 3·32 | 0·23¶ | 0·13, 0·43 | 0·51¶ | 0·27, 0·96 | 1·35 | 0·71, 2·56 | 1·67 | 0·87, 3·22 | 1·20¶ | 1·00, 1·43 | 1·02 | 0·84, 1·23 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
| Indigenous | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Non-indigenous | 0·93 | 0·38, 2·29 | 1·10 | 0·38, 3·21 | 0·27¶ | 0·22, 0·32 | 0·40¶ | 0·34, 0·48 | 1·06 | 0·75, 1·49 | 1·44 | 0·96, 2·16 | 1·52¶ | 1·28, 1·79 | 1·32¶ | 1·08, 1·61 |
| Residence area | ||||||||||||||||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Urban | 0·89 | 0·55, 1·44 | 0·98 | 0·52, 1·84 | 0·48¶ | 0·40, 0·57 | 0·90 | 0·73, 1·11 | 0·51¶ | 0·42, 0·62 | 1·16 | 0·86, 1·57 | 1·43¶ | 1·29, 1·58 | 1·33¶ | 1·18, 1·50 |
| Women 20–49 years | ||||||||||||||||
| Wealth | ||||||||||||||||
| Low tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Medium tertile | 1·55 | 0·96, 2·51 | 1·48 | 0·90, 2·44 | 0·58¶ | 0·52, 0·64 | 0·75¶ | 0·68, 0·84 | 0·94 | 0·80, 1·11 | 0·92 | 0·79, 1·08 | 1·05¶ | 1·01, 1·10 | 1·05¶ | 1·00, 1·09 |
| High tertile | 0·93 | 0·55, 1·56 | 0·85 | 0·44, 1·65 | 0·33¶ | 0·29, 0·38 | 0·52¶ | 0·45, 0·61 | 0·76¶ | 0·64, 0·90 | 0·72¶ | 0·59, 0·87 | 1·01 | 0·97, 1·05 | 1·02 | 0·98, 1·07 |
| Education level | ||||||||||||||||
| Low (0–6 years) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Medium (7–12 years) | 2·93 | 1·81, 4·74 | 1·84 | 1·16, 2·92 | 0·50¶ | 0·45, 0·55 | 0·74¶ | 0·67, 0·82 | 0·93 | 0·80, 1·08 | 1·12 | 0·95, 1·31 | 0·91¶ | 0·88, 0·94 | 0·98 | 0·94, 1·01 |
| High (>12 years) | 2·97 | 1·50, 5·85 | 1·88 | 0·91, 3·86 | 0·23¶ | 0·18, 0·28 | 0·44¶ | 0·34, 0·56 | 0·80 | 0·62, 1·02 | 1·08 | 0·82, 1·42 | 0·75¶ | 0·71, 0·80 | 0·83¶ | 0·78, 0·89 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||||||
| Indigenous | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Non-indigenous | 0·95 | 0·29, 3·16 | 0·88 | 0·24, 3·27 | 0·30¶ | 0·27, 0·33 | 0·45¶ | 0·41, 0·50 | 0·88 | 0·72, 1·08 | 0·95 | 0·77, 1·18 | 1·02 | 0·96, 1·08 | 1·02 | 0·96, 1·07 |
| Residence area | ||||||||||||||||
| Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Urban | 0·95 | 0·63, 1·44 | 0·93 | 0·58, 1·47 | 1·68 | 1·53, 1·85 | 0·97 | 0·88, 1·07 | 1·09 | 0·95, 1·26 | 1·00 | 0·86, 1·15 | 0·97 | 0·94, 1·01 | 0·96 | 0·93, 1·00 |
*
Wasting: weight-for-height z-score <–2 for children <5 years; underweight: BMI-for-age z-score <–2 for women 11–19 years; and BMI < 18·5 for women 20–49 years.
†
Stunting: height-for-age <–2 for children <5 years; height-for-age z-score <–2 for women 11–19 years; and short stature: height <1·49 m for women 20–49 years.
‡
Anaemia: Hb adjusted using the Cohen and Haas equation <110 g/l for children <5 years, and <120 g/l for women 11–49 years.
§
Overweight including obesity: BMI-for-age z-score >2 for children <5 years; BMI-for-age z-score >1 for adolescents 15–19 years; and BMI ≥ 25·0 kg/m2 for women 20–49 years.
||
Adjusted by all other variables in the table and age.
¶
P < 0·05.