TABLE 1.

Summary of studies used to generate the energy constrained hypothesis, with the proposed components demonstrating constraint and supporting evidence

Type	Study	Constrained component	Supporting evidence/reasoning
Original data	Pontzer et al. (2012) [1]	BMR	TEEADJ was similar between Hadza vs. other populations a higher PAL.
	Pontzer et al. (2016) [11]	AEE	RMRADJ not different across a wide range of physical activity, assessed by accelerometry, but TEEADJ plateaued at higher accelerometry counts.
	Urlacher et al.(2019) [12]	AEE	Shuar children displayed little-to-no difference in TEE, but lower AEE vs. industrial counterparts, despite higher accelerometry counts.
	Thurber et al. (2019) [13]	AEE	Little-to-no difference in BMR, TEF or EXEE between week 1 and weeks 14/20 of an ultramarathon, but lower TEE.
	Careau et al. (2021) [14]	BMR	Relationship between BMR and TEE <1 and relationship between BMR and AEE negative.
Review	Pontzer (2015) [10]	Non-AEE metabolic activity (BMR/TEF/Other)	Cross-sectional evidence in humans and experimental data from nonhuman animals.
	Pontzer (2018) [49]	Immune function, reproduction, and stress response (BMR/TEF/Other)	Reduced markers of inflammation (for example, C-reactive protein) with chronic exercise, lower concentrations of sex hormones in endurance athletes, lower cortisol, and norepinephrine responses in people with high physical fitness.
	Pontzer et al. (2018) [76]	Non-AEE (BMR/TEF/Other)	Higher accelerometry counts but little-to-no differences in TEE, AEE or PAL with Hadza and Tsimane populations compared to 7 industrialized populations.
	Pontzer and McGrosky (2022) [77]	BMR	Measures of TEE at multiple timepoints indicate increase AEE is negatively associated with BMR in humans.

BMR, basal metabolic rate; EXEE, exercise energy expenditure; ADJ, adjusted for body composition and/or age.