Table 3.
COVID-19 Impacts on Patients With Chronic Pain Across Time
| variable | first visit*mean (sd) | last visit*mean (sd) |
first & last difference |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| value | percent | p-value† | |||
| Primary Outcomes | |||||
| Perceived Threat | 3.89 (2.11) | 3.64 (2.05) | −.25 | −6.51% | .002 |
| Financial Impact | 2.77 (2.19) | 2.80 (2.20) | .03 | 1.14% | .665 |
| Resource Impact | 2.36 (1.83) | 2.10 (1.65) | −.27 | −11.30% | <.001 |
| Psychological Impact | 2.73 (1.88) | 2.59 (1.82) | −.14 | −5.13% | .076 |
| Proximity Experience | 1.52 (1.52) | 1.83 (1.88) | .31 | 20.54% | <.001 |
| News Experience | 3.47 (2.06) | 2.94 (1.99) | −.53 | −15.31% | <.001 |
| Secondary Outcomes | |||||
| Pain | |||||
| Pain Intensity | 5.51 (2.02) | 5.24 (2.17) | −.27 | −4.95% | .001 |
| Pain Catastrophizing | 18.41 (12.16) | 16.07 (12.46) | −2.33 | −12.67% | <.001 |
| Pain Interference | 64.48 (6.96) | 63.53 (7.38) | −.95 | −1.48% | .001 |
| Physical | |||||
| Fatigue | 58.93 (10.22) | 58.58 (10.63) | −.35 | −.59% | .316 |
| Sleep Disturbance | 56.65 (8.88) | 55.84 (9.50) | −.81 | −1.43% | .012 |
| Upper Extremities | 39.01 (9.75) | 38.94 (9.96) | −.07 | −.18% | .884 |
| Mobility | 40.56 (8.98) | 40.65 (8.97) | .09 | .23% | .719 |
| Mental | |||||
| Depression | 54.38 (9.26) | 54.00 (9.47) | −.39 | −.71% | .308 |
| Anxiety | 55.47 (8.94) | 54.90 (9.59) | −.58 | −1.04% | .112 |
| Anger | 48.79 (9.73) | 47.55 (10.21) | −1.24 | −2.54% | .001 |
| Emotional Support | 51.86 (9.37) | 52.18 (9.59) | .32 | .62% | .484 |
| Social | |||||
| Social Roles & Activities | 41.74 (8.82) | 41.88 (8.81) | .14 | .35% | .422 |
| Social Isolation | 49.24 (9.31) | 49.30 (9.81) | .06 | .12% | .804 |
Bold values are statistically significant values.
*
Patients included in this study visited 2 to 9 times.
†
Wilcox rank-sum test.