eTable 2. Inclusion/exclusion criteria: modified PICOS framework.

P – Population	Athletes in professional, high-performance, and amateur sports
I – Intervention	Use and (prophylactic) consumption of analgesics (especially freely available and widely used OTC products such as ibuprofen and paracetamol, COX inhibitors, and other NSAIDs) in connection with sports activity. The use of prescription drugs, opiates, and opioids was not a search criterion. The focus was on nondoping substances that according to WADA criteria are assessed as performance-enhancing and are prohibited in sport.
C – Comparison	Individuals who were active in sports without using analgesics.
O – Outcome	Information on the consumption of analgesics and the pattern of their use by athletes, with or without information on any connection with the sports activity.
S – Study design	Cross-sectional and longitudinal data collection and survey studies as well as review articles in English, French, and German published from 2000 onward were included. Telephone interviews were excluded.

COS, cyclooxygenase; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OTC, over-the-counter; WADA, World Anti-Doping Agency