Table 1.
Host-associated microbes impact carcinogenesis at all stages
| Stage of Carcinogenesis |
Microbe | Microbial Carcinoaenic Agent |
Proposed Host Effect | Site of Cancer | IARC Classification |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initiation | Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli | Colibactin produced from the polyketide synthase (pks) gene cluster | DNA damage | Colon | N.C. | (33, 34, 38-40, 43, 49, 50) |
| Campylobacter jejuni | Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) | DNA damage | Colon | N.C. | (105-107) | |
| Enterococcus faecalis | Reactive oxygen species (ROS) | DNA damage, genomic instability, cell cycle arrest | Colon | N.C. | (90, 91) | |
| Helicobacter hepaticus | Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) | DNA damage and impairment of DNA repair | Billiary tract, intestine, breast | N.C. | (108-110) | |
| Initiation and promotion | Chlamydia trachomatis | Unknown | DNA damage, impaired DNA repair, cell survival and proliferation | Urogenital | N.C. | (111-113) |
| Helicobacter pylori | Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) | DNA damage, cell survival, cell proliferation | Stomach | 1 | (18-20) | |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Restriction endonucleases | DNA damage, cell survival, cell proliferation | Prostate | N.C. | (114-116) | |
| Salmonella spp. | AvrA and cytolethal distending toxin (CdtB) | DNA damage, cell survival, cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest | Intestine and hepatobiliary | N.C. | (106, 117-119) | |
| Promotion | Clonorchis sinensis | Parasitic excretory-secretory products | Cell proliferation | Bile duct | 1 | (120-122) |
| Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) | B. fragilis -derived toxin (BFT) | Cell proliferation and tumor-promoting inflammation | Colon | N.C. | (57, 60-62, 64, 106) | |
| Hepatitis B virus (HBV) | Hepatitis B virus X (HBx) and Hepatits B surface Protein (HB) | Genetic instability, cell survival, cell proliferation | Liver | 1 | (123) | |
| Hepatitis C virus (HCV) | Core and Non-structural protein 3 (NS3), and NS5a | Genetic instability, cell survival, cell proliferation | Liver | 1 | (124) | |
| Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 | E6 and E7 proteins | Genetic instability, cell survival and proliferation | Urogenital and oropharynx | 1 | (125-127) | |
| Human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) | HTLV-1 transactivator protein (Tax) and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) | Cell proliferation | Adult T-cell lymphoma | 1 | (128, 129) | |
| Opisthorchis viverrini | Parasitic excretory-secretory products | Cell proliferation and pro-carcinogenic inflammation | Liver | 1 | (122, 130) | |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | Gingipain | Cell survival | Esophogeal, oral, and pancreas | N.C. | (131, 132) | |
| Schistosoma haematobium | Excretory-secretory products | Cell proliferation and pro-carcinogenic inflammation | Bile duct and Bladder | 1 | (122) | |
| Promotion and progression | Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) | Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigens (EBNA) and Latent membrane proteins (LMP) | Cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, migration | Burkitt's lymphoma, Nasopharynx, Hodgkin's lymphoma | 1 | (133, 134) |
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | Fusobacterium adhesin A (FadA) and Fusobacterial apoptosis protein 2 (Fap2) | Tumor binding, invasion, cell survival, cell proliferation, immune | Colon and breast | N.C. | (71-73, 76-81, 82) | |
| Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) | K1, K15, and vGPCR | Cell survival, cell proliferation, cell differentiation | Kaposi sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma | 1 | (135, 136) |
*
IARC = International Agency for Resarch on Cancer
*
N.C. = Not classified