Table 2.
Summary of studies that investigated neuropathy knowledge among patients with diabetes and health care providers.
| Study | Country | Study Type & Population | Measure | Main Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients with Diabetes | ||||
| Abu-Qamar 2014 [108] | Jordan | Qualitative interviews 7 patients with burn injuries | Study-created interview guide | Participants did not believe they needed regular food exams in the absence of ulcers. |
| Bohorquez Robles 2017 [118] | Mexico | Cross-sectional 200 T2D from 1 primary care clinic | Foot Care Knowledge and Practice Questionnaire [162] | 52% had poor knowledge of foot self-care. |
| Chellan 2012 [111] | India | Cross-sectional 203 from 1 podiatry clinic | Previously validated KAP survey | Patients with foot ulcers more likely to have poor knowledge (p=0.001). |
| Corbett 2003 [123] | US | Randomized control trial 40 T2D with home care | Foot Care Knowledge Questionnaire [162] | Moderate baseline foot care knowledge. Educational intervention improved knowledge (p<0.01). |
| De Sá Pilocarpo 2014 [117] | Brazil | Cross-sectional study 85 T2D from 2 primary care clinics | Previously used KAP questionnaire [163] | 49.5% with limited foot care knowledge. |
| Desalu 2011 [106] | Nigeria | Cross-sectional 352 from 3 tertiary hospitals | Pre-tested questionnaire | 46% with poor knowledge of diabetic foot care. |
| Foolchand 2013 [115] | Mauritius | Qualitative interviews 120 from 5 hospitals | Study-created interview guide | 75% unaware of need for annual foot screening. |
| Hanley 2020 [135] | St. Kitts and Nevis | Cross sectional 210 from multiple health care settings | Adapted KAP questionnaire [111] | Average knowledge reported. No difference in knowledge based on amputation status. |
| Hasnain 2009 [105] | Pakistan | Cross-sectional 150 from 1 diabetic clinic | Study-created questionnaire | 29.3% with good knowledge. Predictors of knowledge: formal education (p<0.01)). |
| Jain 2012 [110] | India | Cross-sectional 251 from multiple hospitals | Study-created questionnaire | 62% had poor foot care knowledge. |
| Jinadasa 2011 [109] | Sri Lanka | Cross-sectional 110 with diabetic foot ulcers | Study-created questionnaire | 52.7% with good footcare knowledge. |
| Khamseh 2007 [107] | Iran | Cross-sectional 148 T2D from 1 diabetes clinic | Study-created questionnaire | Predictors of knowledge: higher formal education (p<0.01). |
| Lamchahab 2011 [125] | Morocco | Cross-sectional 91 hospitalized patients | Details not provided | 85% did not pay attention to “warning signs” of foot injuries. Predictors of knowledge: formal education, socioeconomic status (both P<0.01). |
| Li 2014 [114] | China | Cross-sectional 5,961 T2D from 144 hospitals | Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities | Overall medium level of foot care knowledge. Multivariate predictors of knowledge: female sex, older age, formal education, diabetes duration, regular diabetes care, prior education regarding diabetes complications (all p<0.001). |
| Muhammad-Lutfi 2014 [134] | Malaysia | Cross-sectional 157 admitted with foot infections. | Previously used questionnaire [105] | 58% with poor foot knowledge. |
| Naicker 2009 [124] | Malaysia | Cross-sectional 100 from 1 hospital | Preventative Measure Scale [164] | Poor overall foot knowledge. |
| Pollock 2004 [113] | UK | Cross-sectional 365 from a population-based diabetes register | Study-created questionnaire | Moderate overall knowledge. Predictors of knowledge: female gender (p=0.04). |
| Pourkazemi 2020 [136] | Iran | Cross-sectional 375 T2D from 1 clinic | Study-created questionnaire | 15% with good knowledge. Predictors of knowledge: female gender, duration of diabetes, urban residents, formal education, prior diabetic foot ulcer, prior amputation (all p<0.05). |
| Rheeder 2008 [165] | South Africa | Cross-sectional 120 from 1 diabetes clinic | Modified questionnaire [113] | Participants with ulcer at-risk feet were less likely to inspect their feet daily (p=0.025) |
| Sulistyo 2017 [119] | Thailand | Cross-sectional 81 from 1 clinic | Modified Diabetic Foot Care Knowledge Questionnaire [162] | 58% with moderate, 39.5% poor knowledge. |
| Tuha 2021 [138] | Ethiopia | Cross-sectional 344 from 1 hospital | Details not provided | 72.7% knew to inspect their feet for ulcers. |
| Health Care Providers | ||||
| Alotaibi 2017 [42] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional 423 nurses at 1 hospital | Diabetes Basic Knowledge Test [165] | 75.6% mean number of questions right regarding diabetic foot care. |
| El Hajj 2018 [128] | Qatar | Cross-sectional 126 pharmacists | Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center Diabetes Knowledge Test [166] | 25% with moderately poor knowledge. |
Studies arranged alphabetically. Abbreviations: ADA American Diabetes Association; KAP, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices; T2D, type 2 diabetes.