Table 3.

Summary of studies that investigated nephropathy knowledge among patients with diabetes and health care providers.

Study	Country	Study Type & Population	Measure	Main Findings
Patients with Diabetes
Alvis Zibran 2019 [143]	Fiji	Cross-sectional 225 with T2D and CKD from 1 hospital	Previously used KAP questionnaire [167]	61.8% with high knowledge.
Hussain 2019 [144]	India	Cross-sectional 323 T2D from 1 endocrinology clinic	Adapted CKD awareness questionnaire [168]	21.4% had good knowledge. Predictors of knowledge: literacy, income, socioeconomic status (p<0.05).
Kumela Goro 2019 [148]	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional 208 with hypertension and diabetes from 1 hospital	Study-created questionnaire	63.5% with poor knowledge
Lo 2017 [149]	Australia	Cross-sectional 308 patients with CKD and diabetes from 4 hospitals	Study-created questionnaire	43.5% cited inadequate knowledge of CKD and poor education about CKD as a barrier to care.
Health Care Providers
Wolide 2020 [150]	Ethiopia	Cross-sectional 325 providers at 1 hospital and 3 private clinics	Study- created questionnaire	Predictors of knowledge: subspecialist provider (p<0.05).
Wong 1999 [145]	US	Cross-sectional 216 GPs	Study- created questionnaire	91.4% with good risk factor knowledge.
Yaqub 2013 [146]	Pakistan	Cross-sectional 232 GPs in 1 city	Study-created questionnaire	80% knew risk factors for CKD, 41% were unsure when to refer to nephrology

Studies arranged alphabetically. Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; GP, general practitioner; T2D, type 2 diabetes.