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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Dysphagia. 2021 Oct 23;37(5):1172–1182. doi: 10.1007/s00455-021-10373-6

Table 4.

Mean swallowing pressures and timing events for 10 mL and self-selected swallows as measured by High-Resolution Manometry and linear mixed effects model results. Descriptive statistics do not account for varying swallow volumes and were calculated by averaging all trials for each subject and then computing sample statistics across all subjects. Expected change in outcome between self-selected swallow and 10 cc swallow, when adjusting for swallow volume, are shown in column “Fixed effects β*” along with corresponding p value. For all models, the reference condition is predetermined syringe-delivered boluses and swallow volume was adjusted for. Significant results (p < 0.05) in bold. SD = standard deviation; UES = upper esophageal sphincter; Pmax = maximal regional pressure; Integral = cumulative regional pressure; Pmax pre = maximum pre-opening pressure; Pmax post = maximum post-closure pressure; Nadir duration = duration of UES opening; CI = confidence interval.

10ml Self Linear mixed effects model
Mean SD Mean SD Fixed effects β 95% CI p value
Velopharynx
Duration (s) 0.76 0.18 0.78 0.21 − 0.02 [− 0.03, 0.00] 0.120
Pmax (mmHg) 164.06 57.69 164.29 55.57 − 5.87 [− 8.43, − 3.32] < 0.0001
Integral (mmHg*s) 120.16 61.89 127.32 64.82 − 10.19 [− 14.00, − 6.38] < 0.0001
Tongue Base
Duration (s) 0.49 0.13 0.46 0.13 − 0.018 [− 0.03, − 0.01] 0.003
Pmax (mmHg) 123.59 42.82 120.84 38.42 − 3.21 [− 5.39, − 1.02] 0.005
Integral (mmHg*s) 77.33 39.78 75.85 40.51 0.72 [− 1.69, 3.14] 0.553
Hypopharynx
Duration (s) 0.38 0.12 0.38 0.13 − 0.00 [− 0.01, 0.01] 0.966
Pmax (mmHg) 151.51 53.08 151.87 55.53 − 1.91 [− 5.02, 1.20] 0.225
Integral (mmHg*s) 47.22 28.62 48.56 30.85 0.56 [− 1.05, 2.16] 0.493
UES
Pmax pre (mmHg) 108.12 43.25 100.35 43.21 − 13.48 [− 17.40, − 9.56] < 0.0001
Pmax post (mmHg) 212.63 63.15 213.69 63.13 − 4.55 [− 7.98, − 1.13] 0.010
Pmax post (mmHg) 212.63 63.15 213.69 63.13 − 4.55 [− 7.98, − 1.13] 0.010
Nadir durationg (s) 0.49 0.14 0.50 0.14 0.00 [− 0.02, 0.02] 0.964
Pnadir (mmHg) 4.47 6.92 5.14 7.99 − 0.25 [− 0.89, 0.38] 0.428
Overall
Duration (s) 0.82 0.15 0.85 0.18 − 0.02 [− 0.03, 0.00] 0.077
Integral (mmHg*s) 244.72 100.76 251.69 109.53 − 8.85 [− 13.32, − 4.37] 0.0002