Table 3.

Multivariate Analysis for in-Hospital Mortality, LOS, and Medical Cost During Heart Failure Hospitalizations in Patients Stratified by the Presence or Absence of VHD

	In-Hospital Mortality			Length of Stay			Medical Cost
	OR	95% CI	p-value	IRR	95% CI	p-value	RR	95% CI	p-value
VHD	1.01	0.95–1.08	0.723	1.05	1.03–1.07	<0.001	1.28	1.25–1.32	<0.001
Ischemic heart disease	0.77	0.73–0.83	<0.001	0.99	0.97–1.01	0.281	1.16	1.14–1.18	<0.001
Cardiomyopathy	1.38	1.21–1.58	<0.001	1.10	1.06–1.14	<0.001	1.15	1.10–1.19	<0.001
Age	1.03	1.03–1.03	<0.001	1.00	1.00–1.00	<0.001	0.99	0.99–0.99	<0.001
Male	1.29	1.22–1.36	<0.001	0.96	0.94–0.97	<0.001	1.00	0.98–1.01	0.501
Smoking index	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.591	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.020	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.049
ADL	0.92	0.92–0.93	<0.001	0.98	0.98–0.98	<0.001	0.98	0.98–0.98	<0.001
BMI	0.95	0.94–0.96	<0.001	1.00	0.99–1.00	0.018	1.00	1.00–1.00	0.318
Emergency hospitalization	1.14	1.08–1.22	<0.001	1.00	0.98–1.01	0.759	1.13	1.11–1.15	<0.001
Hypertension	0.49	0.47–0.52	<0.001	0.89	0.88–0.90	<0.001	0.91	0.89–0.92	<0.001
Diabetes	0.90	0.85–0.96	0.001	1.06	1.04–1.08	<0.001	1.07	1.05–1.08	<0.001
CKD	1.28	1.20–1.36	<0.001	1.09	1.07–1.11	<0.001	1.02	1.00–1.03	0.102
Hyperlipidemia	0.63	0.58–0.68	<0.001	0.93	0.92–0.95	<0.001	1.00	0.98–1.02	0.923
Atrial fibrillation	0.68	0.64–0.72	<0.001	0.99	0.97–1.00	0.055	0.98	0.96–0.99	0.001
Hospital beds: ≤199*	1.48	1.36–1.61	<0.001	1.30	1.27–1.33	<0.001	0.97	0.94–0.99	0.012
Hospital beds: 200–499*	1.29	1.21–1.37	<0.001	1.18	1.16–1.20	<0.001	0.94	0.93–0.96	<0.001

Note: *Reference was hospital beds ≥500.

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; IRR, incident rate ratio; LOS, length of stay; OR, odds ratio; RR, rate ratio; VHD, valvular heart disease.