Table 1. Description of the psychotic symptoms in the articles selected.
| Author | Etiology of dementia | Sample (n) | Frequency of psychosis (% of total sample) | Description of the symptoms (% of total sample) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Binetti et al. 16 | AD/VD | 92 AD: 61 VD: 31 |
Delusions: AD: 46%; VD: 39% Misidentifications: AD: 37.7%; VD: 19% |
Delusions: AD – Persecutory: 13%; Theft: 13%; Jealousy: 6% VD – Persecutory: 23%; Theft: 23%; Jealousy: 3%; Somatic: 3% |
| van de Beek et al. 17 | DLB | 73 | Delusion: 9.5 Hallucinations: 11% |
Delusions: Paranoid: 2.7%; Capgras: 5.5%; Somatic: 1.4%; Guilt: 1.4% Hallucinations: Tactile: 4.1%; Olfactory: 7.3%; Auditory: 11% |
| Chiu and Chung 18 | AD | 91 | Delusions: 35.2% | Delusions: Theft: 27.5%; Persecutory: 15.4%; Not being home: 5.5%; Abandonment: 4.4%; Jealousy: 2.2%; Intruder: 2.2%; Media people in the house: 2.2%; Capgras: 1.1% |
| Cohen-Mansfield et al. 19 | AD | 74 | Delusions: 46% | Delusions: Theft: 22%; Persecutory: 9%/Not being home: 7%; Abandonment: 5%; Non-paranoid: 5% |
| Cummings et al. 20 | AD/VD | 45 AD: 30 VD: 15 |
Psychosis: AD: 46%; VD: 46% Hallucinations: AD: 3.3%; VD: 27% |
Hallucinations: AD – Olfactory: 3.33% VD – Auditory: 13%; Visual: 20% Misidentifications: AD – Capgras: 7%; Phantom Boarder: 3.33% VD – Phantom Boarder: 7% |
| Deutsch et al. 7 | AD | 170 | Delusions: 43.5% Hallucinations: 23.5% Misidentifications: 30% |
Delusions: Persecutory: 32%; Reference: 6%; Jealousy: 4%; Grandeur: 0.6; Somatic: 0.6% Hallucinations: Visual: 20%; Olfactory: 11%; Tactile: 0.6% Misidentifications: Not being home: 15%; Phantom Boarder: 9%; Mirror: 6%; Capgras (caregiver): 0.6% |
| Devenney et al. 21 | FTD-BV FTD-ALS |
Total: 79 Dementia: 56 FTD-BV: 36 FTD-ALS: 20 |
Psychosis: 34% Delusions: 28.57% Hallucinations: 25% |
Delusions: Persecutory: 18%; Somatic: 9%; Grandeur: 7%; Jealousy: 5% Hallucinations: Auditory: 9%; Visual: 9%; Tactile: 4% |
| Farber et al. 22 | AD | 109 | Psychosis: 63% Delusions: 60% Hallucinations: 32% (isolated: 4%) Misidentifications: 31% (84% with another psychosis) |
Delusions: Persecutory: 37%; Jealousy: 3%; Others: 33% Hallucinations: Visual: 25%; Olfactory: 13%; Others: 6% Misidentifications: Other people: 23%; Person himself/herself: 5%; Television: 2% |
| Flynn et al. 23 | AD/VD | 33 AD: 19 VD: 14 |
Delusions: Total: 60.6% AD: 68.4% VD: 50% |
Delusions: AD – Theft: 58%; Not being home: 47%; Persecutory: 37%; Capgras: 37% Abandonment: 37%; Jealousy: 26%; Phantom Boarder: 21% VD – Theft: 21%; Not being home: 14%; Jealousy: 14%; Phantom Boarder: 14%; Capgras: 7%; Abandonment: 7% |
| Förstl et al. 24 | AD | 56 | Delusions: 16% Misidentifications: 25% |
Delusions: Persecutory: 7%; Jealousy: 4%; Theft: 2%; Poisoning: 2%; Nihilist: 2% Hallucinations: Auditory: 12.5%; Visual: 17.8% Misidentifications: Capgras: 16%; Phantom Boarder: 9%; Television: 4%; Mirror: 4% |
| Geroldi et al. 25 | AD | 41 | Delusions: 46% | Delusions: Theft: 46%; Persecutory or jealousy: 15% |
| Gormley and Rizwan 26 | AD | 70 | Psychosis: 36% Delusions: 34% Hallucinations: 11% |
Delusions: Persecutory: 21%; Theft: 14%; Jealousy: 11%; Abandonment: 7%; Capgras (caregiver): 4%; Not being home: 6%; Others: 6% Hallucinations: Visual: 7%; Auditory: 4% |
| Hamuro et al. 27 | AD | 202 | Delusions: 29.7% Hallucinations: 8.42% Misidentifications: 21.8% |
Delusions: Insult: 26%; Theft: 21%; Jealousy: 2%; Poisoning: 1.4%; Persecutory: 0.5%; Observation: 0.5%; Others: 3% Hallucinations: Visual: 7.43%; Auditory: 2.97% Misidentifications: Phantom Boarder: 20%; Capgras: 1.4%; Mirror: 0.5% |
| Harciarek and Kertesz 28 | AD, FTD-BV, PPA, SD, CBD, PSP, PD, DLB | PPA: 60 SD: 17 PSP: 13 DLB: 36 PD: 9 |
Misidentifications: AD: 15.8% DLB: 16.3% SD: 8.3% |
AD – Capgras: 5.9%; Capgras + Phantom Boarder or environment reduplication: 7.4%; Phantom Boarder or environment reduplication: 1.5% DLB – Capgras alone: 8.3%; Capgras + Phantom Boarder: 8.3% SD – Capgras: 2%; Capgras + Phantom Boarder/reduplication of place: 2% No relationship between MIs and FTD-BV, PPA, PSP, PD. |
| Ikeda et al. 29 | AD | 112 | Delusions: 47.3% Misidentifications: 23% |
Delusions: Theft: 75.5%; Persecutory: 9%; Abandonment: 2%; Jealousy: 5%; Others: 9% Misidentifications: Phantom Boarder: 14%; Not being home: 4%; Television: 4%/Capgras: 1% |
| Korhonen et al. 30 | AD/FTD-BV | 83 AD 75 FTD-BV |
Delusions: AD: 4.8% FTD-BV: 34.67% Hallucinations: AD: 4.8% FTD-BV: 16% |
AD – Auditory: 1.2%; Visual: 3.6% FTD – Auditory: 8%; Visual: 13.3% |
| Kwak et al. 31 | AD | 230 | Delusions: 27.4% Misidentifications: 5.2% |
Delusions: Theft: 15%; Jealousy: 5%; Persecutory: 4%; Abandonment: 4%; Erotic: 0.4%; Grandeur: 0.4%; Mixed: 5% Misidentifications: Capgras: 4%; Phantom Boarder: 3%; Reduplication of place: 3%; Television: 2%; Mirror: 1% |
| Leroi et al. 32 | AD/VD | 260 | Psychosis: AD: 26.9%/VD: 15.3% Delusions: AD: 21.8%/VD: 12.5% Hallucinations: AD: 12.8%/VD: 15.5% Misidentifications: AD: 8%/VD: 6.8% |
Delusions: AD – Persecutory: 6.6%; Theft: 12.7%; Jealousy: 2.2%; Abandonment: 4.1%; Phantom Boarder: 4.6%; Capgras: 1.6%; Not being home: 3.1%; Media people in the house: 2% VD – Theft: 6.8%; Abandonment: 3.4%; Phantom Boarder: 5.1%; Capgras: 5.1%; Not being home: 3.4%; Media people in the house: 1.7% Hallucinations: AD – Auditory: 3.6%; Visual: 9.1%; Tactile: 1%; Gustatory: 0.5% VD – Auditory: 6.9%; Visual: 8.5% |
| Linszen et al. 33 | AD | 1,227 | Delusions: 2% Hallucinations: 4.5% |
Delusions: Theft: 22%; Capgras: 0.8%; Persecutory: 0.7% Hallucinations: Visual: 3%; Auditory: 1%; Olfactory: 0.4%; Tactile: 0.2%; Not specified: 1% |
| Liu et al. 34 | AD | 142 | Delusions: 50.7% Hallucinations: 24.6% |
Delusions: Theft: 30.3%; Persecutory: 29.6%; Not being home: 14.7%; Capgras (caregiver): 3.5%; Abandonment: 4.2%; Jealousy: 4.2%; Others: 1.4% Hallucinations: Visual: 21.1%; Auditory: 12%; Olfactory: 0.7%; Tactile: 0.7% |
| Mendez et al. 35,36 | AD | 217 | Delusions: 30% Hallucinations: 25.4% Misidentifications: 25.4% |
Delusions: Theft: 11%; The other is dead: 5.5%; Persecutory: 5.5%; Jealousy: 2.5%; Somatic: 2%; Intrusion: 1.3%; Duplicate residence: 0.5%; Abandonment: 0.5% Hallucinations: Visual: 19%; Auditory: 3%; Tactile: 1%; Auditory+Visual: 3% Misidentifications: Capgras: 5%; Phantom Boarder: 5%; Mirror: 2.3%; Prosopagnosia: 1.4%; Television: 0.5%; Double subjective autoscopy: 0.5% |
| Mendez et al. 6 | AD/FTD | AD: 23 FTD: 86 |
Delusions AD: 17.4%/FTD: 2.3% Hallucinations AD: 21.7%/FTD: 3.48% |
Delusions: AD – Delusions of jealousy: 17.4% FTD – Delusions of having been married to famous people and that her husband treated her badly; 1% with paranoid delusion |
| Migliorelli et al. 37 | AD | 103 | Delusional disorder: 20% Hallucinations: 3% |
Delusions: Theft: 14%; Hypochondriac: 14%; Abandonment: 7%; Not being home: 6%; Capgras: 6%; Grandeur: 6%; Jealousy: 4%; Erotomania: 2% |
| Mizrahi et al. 38 | AD | 771 | Delusions: 32% Hallucinations: 7% |
Delusions: Theft: 22%; Grandeur: 11%; Not being home: 9%; Abandonment: 6%; Jealousy: 6%; Capgras: 4%; Erotomania: 3%; Phantom Boarder: 1% Hallucinations: Visual: 4.2%; Auditory+Visual: 2%; Auditory: 1%; Tactile: 0.4%; Olfactory: 0.1% |
| Nagahama et al. 11 | DLB | 100 | Delusions: 25% Hallucinations: 78% Misidentifications: 56% |
Delusions: Theft: 14%; Persecutory: 11%; Hypochondriac: 3%; Jealousy: 1%; Pregnancy: 1% Hallucinations: Auditory: 8%; Tactile: 2% Misidentifications: People: 17%; Objects: 14%; Places: 28%; Phantom Boarder: 11%; Reduplication of people: 10%; Reduplication of places: 6%; Capgras: 6%; Television: 3% |
| Nagahama et al. 39 | AD/DLB | AD: 200 DLB: 200 |
– | Persecutory delusions: AD: 55%; DLB: 65.5% Visual hallucinations: AD: 0%; DLB: 86.5% Auditory hallucinations: AD: 8%; DLB: 87.5% MI of people AD: 11.5%; DLB: 25% Television sign: AD: 1.5%; DLB: 4% Mirror sign: AD: 3%; DLB: 4.5% |
| Nedelec-Ciceri et al. 9 | AD | 98 | Misidentifications: 81.6% | Misidentifications: MI of people: 62% (Capgras: 1%) MI of places: 81% MI of self-identification: 14% (mirror 10%) |
| Naasan et al. 40 | AD DLB FTD |
AD: 111 DLB: 59 FTD: 201 |
Delusions: AD: 16.2% DLB: 25.4% FTD: 18.4% Hallucinations: AD: 12.6% DLB: 47.5% FTD: 18.1% Psychosis: AD: 22.5% DLB: 56.0% FTD: 20.1% |
Delusions: AD – Paranoid: 9.0%; Persecutory: 1.8%; Intrusion: 0.9%; Hurting: 0.9%; Jealousy: 11.1%; Place: 3.0%; Other person: 11.1%; Grandeur: 1.8% DLB – Paranoid: 18.6%; Persecutory: 13.6%; Intrusion: 5.1%; Theft: 3.4%; Hurting: 5.0%; Jealousy: 8.5%; Place: 10.2%; Other person: 14.1%; Grandeur: 8.5% FTD – Paranoid: 11.9%; Persecutory: 7.5%; Intrusion: 2.5%; Theft: 3.1%; Hurting: 3.0%; Jealousy: 7.5%; Place: 1.5%; Other person: 2.5%; Grandeur: 7.5%; Erotomania: 2.5% Hallucinations: AD – Visual: 3.6%; Other hallucinations: 13.5% DLB – Tactile: 3.4%; Olfactory: 1.7%; Visual: 13.5%; Other hallucinations: 47.5% FTD – Tactile: 0.5; Olfactory: 0.5%; Visual: 1.5%; Other hallucinations: 18.1% |
| Perini et al. 41 | AD/VD/FTD/DLB | 186 AD: 146 VD: 13 FTD: 6 DLB: 21 |
Misidentifications: 33.3-36% AD: 30.1% VD: 46.1% DLB: 57.1% FTD: 0 |
AD/DLB/VD MI of the house: 28.1/47.6/38.5% Capgras (people): 3.4/33.3/30.8% Capgras (objects/animals): 4.1/9.5/15.4% Fregoli: 0.7/9.5/7.7% Reduplicative Paramnesia: 7.5/23.8/15.4% Intermetamorphosis: 1.4/14.3/15.4% Syndrome of double subjects: 0/4.8%/0 MI of mirror: 4.8%/0/0 Division of people: 8.9/19/15.4% Television: 6.2/19/7.7% Cotard: 0.7%/0/0 |
| Sala et al. 42 | AD | 180 | Psychosis: 35.5% Delusions: 18.3% Hallucinations: 24% Misidentifications: 11.1% |
Delusions: Theft: 11%; Persecution: 6%; Jealousy: 2% Hallucinations: Visual: 21%; Auditory+Visual: 2%; Auditory: 2% Misidentifications: Television: 8%; Phantom Boarder: 2%; Mirror: 1% |
| Suárez-González et al. 43 | AD/DLB | 165 AD: 85 DLB: 80 |
Delusions AD: 32.9%/DLB: 47.5% Hallucinations AD: 12.9%/DLB: 51.2% Misidentifications: AD: 17.6%/DLB: 42.5% |
Delusions (AD/DLB): Paranoid: 20/23.7% Abandonment: 2.3/6.2% Somatic: 0/5% Hallucinations (AD/DLB): Visual: 12.9/50%; Auditory: 1.2/17.5%; Tactile: 0/3.7%; Olfactory: 0/3.7% Misidentifications (AD/DLB): Capgras: 9.4/22.5%; Phantom Boarder: 4.7/22.5%; Not being home: 7.1/31.2%; Television: 3.5/13.7%; Mirror: 1.2/2.5% |
| Tsunomoda et al. 44 | DLB | 124 | Delusions: 54.8% Hallucinations: 63.7% Misidentifications: 13.7% |
Delusions: Theft: 25.8%; Persecutory: 14.5%; Jealousy: 6.5%; Abandonment: 4% Hallucinations: Visual: 60.5%; Auditory: 35.5%; Auditory+Visual: 32.3% Misidentifications: Phantom Boarder: 31.4%; Not being home: 13.7%; Television: 12.1%; Capgras: 8.9% |
| Tzeng et al. 45 | DLB | 207 | Delusions: 51.2% | Delusions: Theft: 35.3%; Persecutory: 21.3%; Not being home: 10.8%; Jealousy: 7.2%; Abandonment: 4.8% Misidentifications: Phantom Boarder: 2.9%; Media people in the house: 2.9%; Capgras: 1% |
| Wilson et al. 5 | AD | 478 | Delusions: 27.3% Hallucinations: 29.6% Misidentifications: 25.5% |
Hallucinations: Auditory+Visual: 14%; Visual: 11%; Auditory: 5% |
AD: Alzheimer’s dementia; VD: vascular dementia; DLB: dementia with Lewy bodies; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; BV: behavioral variant; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; PPA: primary progressive aphasia; SD: semantic dementia; CBD: corticobasal degeneration; PSP: progressive supranuclear palsy; PD: Parkinson’s disease; MIs: misidentifications.