Table 4.

Main themes on determinants for managing innovation ambidexterity according to citations

Theme	Concepts	Codes and focus of research studies
Process mechanisms	Interaction	Interaction and balance mode between IA dimensions (McDermott and Prajogo 2012; Lin and Chang 2015; Lucena 2016; Cho et al. 2020; Lin and Qu 2021) Buyer–supplier interaction (Wang et al. 2021) Supplier-side search (Wang et al. 2019) Entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and human resource management systems interactions (Zhang et al. 2016) Relationships (Kahn and Candi 2021) Job autonomy (Frare and Beuren 2021)
	Integration	Integration mechanisms (Jansen et al. 2009) Coping combinations (Chen et al. 2020) Unscripted agility (Frare and Beuren 2021) Combined dimension of IA (Suzuki 2015; Dunlap et al. 2016)
	Involvement	Family involvement (Alayo et al. 2021) Feedback (Liu et al. 2019a) Customer participation (Chen et al. 2018a) Supplier involvement (Dunlap et al. 2016)
	Collaboration and coordination	Inter-organisational collaboration (customer, competitor, and supplier coordination) (Doghri et al. 2021) Collaboration with partners (Lazzarotti et al. 2017) Ties (Zhang et al. 2019; Xie et al. 2020) Platform ecosystems (Inoue 2021) Parent control asymmetry (Jin and Zhou 2021) Decentralisation (Ceptureanu and Ceptureanu 2021) Collaborative modes (Wei et al. 2021) Value co-creation capabilities of employee engagement, customer participation, and partner collaboration (Tsai 2017) Coordination mechanism of cooperative ambidextrous arrangements (Yin and Su 2019)
	Orientation	EO (Arzubiaga et al. 2018; Ghantous and Alnawas 2020; Nofiani et al. (2021; Hughes et al. 2021) Market orientations (Tan and Liu 2014; Tsai and Wang 2017; Hu et al. 2019; Ghantous and Alnawas 2020) Ambidexterity-oriented decisions (Kortmann 2015) Internationalisation (Hsieh et al. 2019; Hughes et al. 2021)
	Networks and networking	Egocentric alliance networks (Zhang and Tang 2020) Social media networks (Scuotto et al. 2020) Strategic networks (Xie and Gao 2018) Network ties (Zhang and Cui 2017; Cabeza-Pullés et al. 2020) Corporate networks (Choi et al. 2021; Wang and Fang 2021) Corporate social responsibility (Khan et al. 2021) Social capital (Li et al. 2014; Lazzarotti et al. 2017; Khan et al. 2021) Sustainable supply chain management (Khan et al. 2021) Cluster networks (Zhang and Zhang 2016) Relational embeddedness (Hughes et al. 2021)
	Recourses	Resources allocation (Kuo et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2020b; Fu et al. 2021) Organisational slack (Hu et al. 2019) Resource configuration (Choi et al. 2021) Business experience (Ceptureanu et al. 2021) Business model ambidexterity (Liao et al. 2018) Human resource management (Altındağ and Bilaloğlu Aktürk 2020; Lei et al. 2021)
	Capabilities	Managerial capabilities (Alcalde-Heras et al. 2019) Dynamic capabilities (Kuo et al. 2018; Ye et al. 2018b; Yu and Kim 2020; Sijabat et al. 2021) Technology capabilities (Zang and Li 2017) Marketing capabilities (Martin et al. 2017; Buccieri et al. 2020)
Organisational learning	Learning	Bottom-up learning (Wei et al. 2011) Learning capabilities (Lin et al. 2013; Batt-Rawden et al. 2019) Unlearning (Açıkgöz et al. 2021) Team learning and identification (Zhang et al. 2021a)
	Knowledge	Knowledge ecology and knowledge spiral (Long and Liu 2021) Knowledge sources (Revilla et al. 2016; Jin et al. 2018; Ardito et al. 2020) Information literacy (Ahmad et al. 2020) Knowledge sharing (Fu et al. 2018; Yi et al. 2019) Absorptive capacity (Božič and Dimovski 2019; Pangarso et al. 2020a, b) Knowledge management (Soto-Acosta et al. 2018; Yu and Kim 2020; Lei et al. 2021) Knowledge-centred culture (Lei et al. 2021) Knowledge network capability (Tong and Han 2021) Design thinking (Randhawa et al. 2021) Cognitive conflict (Bedford et al. 2019) Headquarters mind-sets (Lin and Chen 2015)
	Diversity	Cognitive diversity of top management teams (TMTs) (Kanchanabha and Badir 2021) Team diversity (Zhang et al. 2021b) Team heterogeneity (Zhang et al. 2021a) Alliance network diversities (Zhang et al. 2020a) Alliance portfolio diversity (Ardito et al. 2019) Gender diversity (Ben Rejeb et al. 2020) TMT transactive memory systems (Chen and Liu 2018) Knowledge heterogeneity (Tsai 2016) TMT diversity (Li et al. 2016; Röd 2019) Technological portfolio (Lin and Chang 2015) Structural differentiation (Jansen et al. 2009)
Leadership styles	Leadership	Leadership styles (Lin and McDonough 2011; Zheng et al. 2016; Chen and Liu 2018; Fu et al. 2018; Berraies and Bchini 2019; Berraies et al. 2019; Oluwafemi et al. 2020; Gong et al. 2021; Khairuddin et al. 2021) Board of directors’ roles and composition (Arzubiaga et al. 2018; Ben Rejeb et al. 2020; Berraies and Ben Rejeb 2021) TMT temporal leadership (Chen and Liu 2020) Board human capital (Liu et al. 2019b) Leadership habitual domains (Ye et al. 2018a) CEO overconfidence (Wong et al. 2017) Leader attention scope (Zheng et al. 2016) Top manager characteristics (Chang and Hughes 2012; Wiratmadja et al. 2020) Stakeholder role (Pérez Perdomo et al. 2016)
Technology investments	Technology	Business intelligence and analytics (Božič and Dimovski 2019) Technological innovation strategies (Wang 2019) Technology habitual domain (Ye et al. 2018b) Technology capability (Hughes et al. 2010; Zang and Li 2017; Soto-Acosta et al. 2018; Lee et al. 2019; Wiratmadja et al. 2020) Telecommunication technologies (Grover et al. 2007)
	Investment in infrastructure	Investment in infrastructure (Yan et al. 2021) Infrastructure for utilities (Blomkvist et al. 2020)
Organisational contexts	Culture	Creativity (Brion et al. 2010; Brion and Mothe 2017; Sijabat et al. 2020, 2021; Fu et al. 2021) Organisational culture (Lin and McDonough 2011; Chen et al. 2018b; Buccieri et al. 2020; Harmancioglu et al. 2020; Sijabat et al. 2021) Organisational formalisation (Brion et al. 2010; Wei et al. 2011) Organisational structure and context (Brion et al. 2010; Chang et al. 2011; Chang and Hughes 2012; Brion and Mothe 2017) Collectivistic culture (Yang et al. 2015b) Cultural embeddedness (Zhang and Zhang 2016)
Environmental uncertainties	Uncertainty and dynamism	Environmental uncertainty (Gong et al. 2021) Dynamic environment (Chang et al. 2011; Soto-Acosta et al. 2018) Environmental dynamism (Zheng et al. 2016; Wang 2019; Buccieri et al. 2020; Wiratmadja et al. 2020)
Institutional pressures	Institutions and transformation	Institutional pressures (Minh et al. 2015; Chang and Gotcher 2020; Song and Zhao 2021) Transformational pressures (Onufrey and Bergek 2021)