Table 3.

Themes, codes, and definitions.

Theme	Definition	Code	Definition
Perceptions	Perceptions of how the child welfare system works with parents with disabilities and their families	Lack of expertise on disability	The child welfare system lacks expertise on disability and parenting with disability.
		Paucity of appropriate services for disabled parents	The child welfare system lacks services appropriate for parents with disabilities.
		Negative attitudes about parents with disabilities	The child welfare system has negative attitudes or biases toward parents with disabilities.
		Positive encounters	Parents’ and professionals’ positive encounters with and perceptions of each other
		Challenging relationships	Parents’ and professionals’ challenging relationship with each other
Recommendations	Recommendations for improving how the child welfare system works with parents with disabilities and their families.	Recommendations from parents	Parents’ recommendations on how the child welfare system could be improved to work with them and their families.
		Recommendations from professionals	Child welfare professionals’ and attorneys’ recommendations on how the child welfare system could be improved to work with parents with disabilities and their families.