Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies by Outcome Category (N = 83 Studies)

Outcome Category	No. of Studiesa	Study Design			Study Location	Study Population
		Retrospective Cohort	Prospective Cohort	Other
Cost	18	14	3	1	8 United States, 3 Korea, 2 Canada, 2 Taiwan, 1 Belgium, 1 Israel, 1 United Kingdom	General adults or children; patients with dementia, diabetes, CHF, COPD, hypertension, angina, CKD, osteoarthritis, ESRD, hypercholesterolemia, stroke, knee OA, or serious mental illness
Use	79	60	13	6	38 United States, 10 Taiwan, 10 Canada, 6 United Kingdom, 3 Korea, 3 Australia, 2 Brazil, 2 Israel, 2 Norway, 1 Netherlands, 1 Germany, 1 Europe	General population, children, adults, elderly patients, infants, or sexually active women; disease groups including patients with diabetes, cancer, hypertension, knee OA, dementia, CHF, COPD, hypercholesterolemia, serious mental illness, HIV, asthma, hyperlipidemia, ESRD, CAD, OA, osteoporosis, depression, and obesity, as well as children with medical complexities

CAD = coronary artery disease; CHF = congestive heart failure; CKD = chronic kidney disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; OA = osteoarthritis.

^aSome studies assessed both cost and use outcomes.