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. 2023 Apr 20;5(3):fcad132. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad132

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Connectivity. (A). A comparison between tinnitus and control subjects revealed significantly decreased connectivity between the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC), and the left and right auditory cortex (AUD) and left and right somatosensory cortex (SOM), respectively. Increased connectivity was further revealed between the left and right auditory cortex as well as between the left and right somatosensory cortex and between the left and right parahippocampus for tinnitus subjects in comparison to control subjects. Furthermore, increased connectivity was seen between the left auditory cortex and the left somatosensory cortex as well as the left auditory cortex and the left parahippocampus (PHC), and the left somatosensory cortex and the left parahippocampus for the theta frequency band for the tinnitus subjects. Similar differences in connectivity were revealed for the right hemisphere between the auditory cortex, somatosensory cortex and parahippocampus for the theta frequency band (statistics: permutation testing, F-ratio). (B). A comparison between pain and control subjects demonstrated significantly decreased connectivity between the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, and the left and right somatosensory cortex and left and right auditory cortex, respectively. Increased connectivity was further revealed between the left and right somatosensory cortex as well as between the left and right auditory cortex and between the left and right parahippocampus for pain subjects in comparison to control subjects. Furthermore, increased connectivity was seen between the left auditory cortex and the left somatosensory cortex as well as the left auditory cortex and the left parahippocampus, and the left somatosensory cortex and the left parahippocampus for the theta frequency band for the pain subjects. Similar connections were revealed for the right hemisphere between the auditory cortex, somatosensory cortex and parahippocampus for the theta frequency band (statistics: permutation testing, F-ratio). (C). A conjunction between neuropathic pain and tinnitus after subtraction of controls yielded a significant effect for the theta frequency band. Decreased connectivity was identified between the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, and the left and right somatosensory cortex and left and right auditory cortex, respectively. Increased connectivity was further revealed between the left and right somatosensory cortex as well as between the left and right auditory cortex and between the left and right parahippocampus for pain and tinnitus subjects in comparison to control subjects. Furthermore, increased connectivity was found between the left auditory cortex and the left somatosensory cortex, as well as the left auditory cortex and the left parahippocampus, and the left somatosensory cortex and the left parahippocampus for the theta frequency band for the pain and tinnitus subjects. Similar differences in connectivity were found for the right hemisphere between the auditory cortex, somatosensory cortex and parahippocampus for the theta frequency band (statistics: permutation testing, F-ratio).