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. 2023 Apr 20;5(3):fcad132. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad132

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Effective connectivity, the role of the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex. (A) A significant effect for pgACC→left AUD, indicating tinnitus and pain subjects showed decreased coupling for pgACC→left AUD in comparison to controls. No difference was obtained between tinnitus and pain. A one-way ANOVA for left AUD→pgACC did not revealed a group effect (statistics: univariate ANOVA). (B) For the coupling between pgACC→right AUD tinnitus subjects had decreased Granger causality in comparison to control and pain subjects. Tinnitus subjects had decreased Granger causality for pgACC→right PHC in comparison to controls subjects (statistics: univariate ANOVA) (C) For the communication pgACC→left SOM and left SOM→pgACC, an effect was found for both the communication pgACC→left SOM and left SOM→pgACC. For pgACC→left SOM, pain subjects demonstrated significantly decreased communication in comparison to controls, but not with tinnitus patients. Tinnitus subjects did not differ from controls either. (statistics: univariate ANOVA) (D) For pgACC→right SOM, a decrease in communication was revealed for pain and tinnitus subjects in comparison to control subjects. No effect was found between pain and tinnitus subjects. For right SOM→pgACC, a decreased coupling was revealed for pain subjects in comparison to tinnitus and control subjects. No difference was obtained between tinnitus and control subjects. (statistics: univariate ANOVA) (E) A comparison revealed that both tinnitus and pain subjects have decreased communication for pgACC→left PHC in comparison to control subjects. In addition, tinnitus subjects have reduced for pgACC→left PHC in comparison to pain subjects. (F) A comparison revealed that both tinnitus and pain subjects have decrease in communication for pgACC→right PHC in comparison to control subjects. In addition, tinnitus subjects have reduced communication for pgACC→right PHC in comparison to pain subjects. (statistics: univariate ANOVA) *P < 0.05; pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC); auditory cortex (AUD); somatosensory cortex (SOM); parahippocampus (PHC).