Table 2.
Generalization of the NP factor in multiple developmental periods across fMRI states for clinical case–control datasets (STRATIFY/ESTRA and ADHD-200, N = 953)
| Dataset | Developmental period | Age, mean (s.d.) (yr) | N (n female,%) | fMRI states/tasks | Case–control comparison | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Control | Case | Control | t | Cohen’s d | Pone-tailed | ||||
| STRATIFY/ESTRA–all | Young adulthood | 23.2 (2.2) | 23.5 (1.9) | 369 (281, 77.2%) | 64 (47, 73.4%) | SST | 4.50 | 0.61 | 4.43 × 10−6*** | |
| ESTRA–AN | 22.5 (2.1) | 23.6 (1.9) | 55 (55, 100%) | 64 (47, 73.4%) | SST | 2.47 | 0.45 | 0.007** | ||
| ESTRA–BN | 22.6 (1.7) | 23.6 (1.9) | 44 (44, 100%) | 64 (47, 73.4%) | SST | 2.51 | 0.49 | 0.007** | ||
| Stratify–AUD | 23.3 (2.2) | 23.6 (1.9) | 127 (74, 58.3%) | 64 (47, 73.4%) | SST | 4.53 | 0.69 | 5.22 × 10−6*** | ||
| Stratify–MDD | 23.8 (2.3) | 23.6 (1.9) | 143 (108, 74.1%) | 64 (47, 73.4%) | SST | 4.19 | 0.63 | 2.07 × 10−5*** | ||
| ADHD-200 | Preadolescence | 11.0 (2.5) | 11.1 (2.4) | 228 (50, 21.9%) | 292 (145, 50.0%) | RS | 3.40 | 0.30 | 7.25 × 10−4*** | |
For population-based studies ABCD, IMAGEN and HCP, (Table 1) shows the results of the associations of the NP factor scores with externalizing and internalizing symptoms in each cohort. Associations between symptom severities and NP factor scores were estimated using Pearson correlation analysis. For the clinical case–control studies ADHD-200 and STRATIFY/ESTRA (Table 2) shows the group difference in the NP factor scores between the case and control groups. STRATIFY/ESTRA–all includes all cases of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, alcohol use disorder and MDD. Because higher symptom scores and clinical diagnoses were expected to have higher NP factor scores in these generalization analyses, the corresponding P values were calculated using one-tailed tests. Group comparisons of NP factor scores between the clinical case and healthy control groups were conducted using a two-sample t-test. The fMRI states/tasks were used to construct the NP factor. The same control sample was used for all diagnoses in STRATIFY/ESTRA.
AN, anorexia nervosa; AUD, alcohol use disorder; BN, bulimia nervosa; MDD, major depression disorder; RS, resting-state fMRI.
* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.