Table 2.
Results from partially adjusted and fully adjusted logistic regression models comparing temporal sequence of anxiety-MDD comorbidity. The table displays the odds ratios and confidence intervals for the logistic regression models to compare first-onset anxiety disorder (anxiety-first) compared to first-onset MDD (MDD-first) in individuals with anxiety-MDD comorbidity. The partially adjusted models refer to the regressions run with each group of independent variables separately (e.g., sociodemographic variables only). The fully adjusted models include all variables, except where specified (i.e., one model did not include age of onset or current anxiety symptoms). The significance values (q) were adjusted using the false discovery rate multiple testing correction. Note that confidence intervals, while reported, are not fully informative due to the adjustment for multiple testing.
| Variable | Anxiety-first (vs MDD-first) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Partially adjusted model OR (95 % CI) |
Fully adjusted model OR (95 % CI) |
Fully adjusted model without AOO or GAD7 OR (95 % CI) |
|
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Age | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 1.27⁎⁎⁎ (1.23, 1.31) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) |
| Female | 1.44⁎⁎⁎ (1.33, 1.56) | 1.17⁎⁎ (1.05, 1.30) | 1.46⁎⁎⁎ (1.33, 1.60) |
| University degree | 0.69⁎⁎⁎ (0.57, 0.84) | 1.04 (0.80, 1.36) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.06) |
| A-levels or equivalent | 0.76⁎ (0.62, 0.93) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.22) | 0.81 (0.65, 1.02) |
| GCSEs or equivalent | 0.82 (0.67, 0.99) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.07) | 0.74⁎ (0.59, 0.92) |
| White | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.35) | 1.14 (0.98, 1.31) |
| Trauma | |||
| Childhood trauma | 1.10⁎⁎ (1.04, 1.18) | 0.80⁎⁎⁎ (0.73, 0.87) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.14) |
| Adult trauma | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 0.86⁎⁎⁎ (0.80, 0.94) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) |
| Catastrophic trauma | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.90⁎ (0.83, 0.99) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) |
| Clinical | |||
| Self-reported anxiety/depressive disorder diagnosis | 0.75⁎⁎ (0.62, 0.91) | 0.72⁎⁎ (0.58, 0.89) | 0.77⁎ (0.64, 0.93) |
| Other self-reported mental health diagnosis | 0.79⁎⁎⁎ (0.74, 0.85) | 0.83⁎⁎⁎ (0.77, 0.90) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) |
| Age of onset | 0.15⁎⁎⁎ (0.14, 0.17) | 0.12⁎⁎⁎ (0.11, 0.13) | – |
| Recurrence | 0.98⁎⁎⁎ (0.97, 0.99) | 0.96⁎⁎⁎ (0.95, 0.97) | 1.03⁎⁎⁎ (1.02, 1.03) |
| Current depressive symptoms (PHQ9) | 0.96⁎⁎⁎ (0.95, 0.97) | 0.96⁎⁎⁎ (0.96, 0.97) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
| Current anxiety symptoms (GAD7) | 1.05⁎⁎⁎ (1.05, 1.06) | 1.06⁎⁎⁎ (1.05, 1.07) | – |
Abbreviations: OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; AOO = age of onset; PHQ9 = 9-item patient health questionnaire; GAD7 = 7-item generalised anxiety disorder assessment.
q < 0.05.
q < 0.01.
q < 0.001.