Table 3. Association of inflammatory mediators in cerebrospinal fluid and serum at study entry with posttreatment Lyme disease symptoms 6 or 12 mo after acute illness for association of persistent symptoms after Lyme neuroborreliosis and increased levels of interferon-α in blood, Slovenia*.
| Mediator |
Cerebrospinal fluid, n = 67 |
|
Serum, n = 78 |
||||
| Median (range) PTLDS, pg/mL,
n = 24 |
Median (range)
no PTLDS, pg/mL,
n = 43 |
p value† |
Median (range) PTLDS, pg/mL,
n = 27 |
Median (range)
no PTLDS, pg/mL, n = 51 |
p value† |
||
| Innate | |||||||
| IFN-α | 10 (0–64) | 3 (0–64) | 0.8 | 18 (0–187) | 2 (0–129) | 0.05 | |
| IL-6 | 3 (1–73) | 8 (0–146) | 0.9 | 1 (1–234) | 1 (0–115) | 1 | |
| IL-10 | 127 (22–1,288) | 168 (18–860) | 0.9 | 32 (1–381) | 20 (0–2,159) | 0.5 | |
| IL-8 | 4 (0–241) | 6 (0–422) | 0.8 | 1 (0–7) | 1 (0–40) | 0.5 | |
| TNF | 9 (0–98) | 10 (0–150) | 0.9 | 17 (7–164) | 20 (2–385) | 0.4 | |
| CCL2 | 985 (223–48,494) | 1,111 (311–6,099) | 0.9 | 697 (245–1,234) | 650 (60–1,579) | 0.6 | |
| CCL3 | 45 (1–95) | 50 (1–107) | 0.8 | 24 (1–268) | 26 (1–1,310) | 0.8 | |
| CCL4 |
29 (1–787) |
29 (1–105) |
1 |
|
154 (65–1,405) |
116 (29–2,567) |
0.4 |
| TH1 adaptive | |||||||
| IFN-γ | 3 (0–193) | 2 (0–30) | 0.9 | 3 (0–349) | 1 (0–24) | 0.3 | |
| CXCL9 | 1,524 (29–21,800) | 2,370 (14–37,051) | 0.9 | 916 (433–3,819) | 1,396 (49–26,310) | 0.7 | |
| CXCL10 | 10,410 (260–118,875) | 17,794 (137–139,804) | 0.9 | 555 (231–4,484) | 622 (66–3,422) | 0.8 | |
| CXCL11 | 74 (2–2,645) | 86 (1–1,194) | 0.9 | 10 (1–151) | 66 (2–534) | 0.05 | |
| CCL19 | 68 (10–1,062) | 53 (10–1,598) | 0.9 | 31 (10–484) | 74 (10–939) | 0.05 | |
| IL-12p70 |
1 (1–17) |
3 (1–12) |
0.9 |
|
3 (1–1,486) |
1 (1–21) |
0.2 |
| TH17 adaptive | |||||||
| IL-17a | 10 (5–25) | 8 (4–21) | 0.8 | 6 (1–347) | 4 (1–13) | 0.1 | |
| IL-21 | 3 (3–10) | 3 (3–11) | 0.9 | 3 (3–10) | 3 (3–229) | 0.05 | |
| IL-23 | 3 (3–47) | 3 (3–498) | 0.9 | 22 (0–931) | 9 (0–13,296) | 0.8 | |
| CCL21 |
563 (376–804) |
530 (312–927) |
0.9 |
|
98 (20–989) |
95 (20–1,473) |
0.8 |
| B-cell adaptive | |||||||
| CXCL12 | 4,384 (98–27,479) | 2,950 (98–24,080) | 0.9 | 2,882 (98–9,061) | 2,868 (98–16,039) | 0.8 | |
| CXCL13 | 272 (5–107,723) | 114 (5–50,000) | 0.8 | 24 (5–123) | 18 (5–172) | 0.6 | |
*Bold indicates statistically significant p values. CCL, CC motif chemokine ligand; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CXCL, CXC motif chemokine ligand; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; PTLDS, posttreatment Lyme disease symptoms; TNF, tumor necrosis factor. †Benjamini-Hochberg corrected (false discovery rate = 0.05).