Table 4. Cytokine and chemokine levels at study entry vs 3 mo in cerebrospinal fluid and serum for association of persistent symptoms after Lyme neuroborreliosis and increased levels of interferon-α in blood, Slovenia*.
| Mediator |
Cerebrospinal fluid |
|
Serum |
||||
| T = 0, median
(range), pg/mL,
n = 67 |
T = 3, median (range), pg/mL,
n = 64 |
p value† |
T = 0, median (range), pg/mL,
n = 78 |
T = 3, median (range), pg/mL,
n = 74 |
p value† |
||
| Innate | |||||||
| IFN-α | 3 (0–64) | 1 (0–19) | 0.0005 | 2 (0–187) | 2 (0–158) | 0.7 | |
| IL-6 | 7 (0–146) | 1 (0–1) | 0.6 | 1 (0–234) | 1 (0–88) | 0.0007 | |
| IL-8 | 144 (18–1,288) | 1 (0–1) | 0.001 | 1 (0–40) | 15 (1–1,700) | 0.0007 | |
| IL-10 | 6 (0–422) | 31 (13–107) | 0.4 | 23 (0–2,159) | 1 (0–3) | 0.2 | |
| TNF | 10 (0–150) | 2 (0–20) | 0.001 | 20 (2–385) | 19 (2–278) | 0.8 | |
| CCL2 | 1,096 (223–48,494) | 719 (241–1,889) | 0.001 | 668 (60–1,579) | 688 (287–7,311) | 0.4 | |
| CCL3 | 49 (1–107) | 38 (1–87) | 0.001 | 25 (1–1,310) | 21 (1–1,080) | 0.8 | |
| CCL4 |
29 (1–787) |
11 (1–35) |
0.001
|
|
127 (29–2,567) |
129 (33–1,223) |
0.8 |
| TH1 adaptive | |||||||
| IFN-γ | 2 (0–193) | 1 (0–11) | 0.003 | 3 (0–349) | 1 (0–32) | 0.8 | |
| CXCL9 | 2,274 (14–37,051) | 117 (1–1,997) | 0.001 | 1,175 (49–26,310) | 853 (110–20,472) | 0.03 | |
| CXCL10 | 16,920 (137–139,804) | 905 (201–16,407) | 0.001 | 600 (66–4,484) | 439 (50–6,221) | 0.03 | |
| CXCL11 | 80 (1–2,640) | 10 (1–86) | 0.001 | 45 (1–534) | 46 (1–499) | 0.9 | |
| CCL19 | 55 (10–1,598) | 10 (3–362) | 0.001 | 54 (10–939) | 73 (7–1,730) | 0.7 | |
| IL-12p70 |
3 (1–17) |
1 (1–3) |
0.001
|
|
3 (1–1,486) |
3 (1–45) |
0.2 |
| TH17 adaptive | |||||||
| IL-17a | 9 (4–25) | 7 (3–11) | 0.001 | 4 (0–347) | 5 (1–64) | 0.9 | |
| IL-21 | 3 (3–11) | 20 (1–20) | 0.009 | 3 (3–229) | 20 (3–41) | 0.0007 | |
| IL-23 | 3 (3–408) | 49 (0–85) | 0.003 | 13 (0–13,296) | 49 (0–2,123) | 0.005 | |
| CCL21 |
530 (312–927) |
530 (256–1,222) |
0.001
|
|
97 (20–1,473) |
98 (20–1,323) |
0.9 |
| B-cell adaptive | |||||||
| CXCL12 | 3,760 (98–27,479) | 1,953 (98–6,880) | 0.2 | 2,875 (98–16,039) | 2,875 (98–16,039) | 0.8 | |
| CXCL13 | 187 (1–107,723) | 4 (1–62) | 0.001 | 18 (5–172) | 13 (1–151) | 0.2 | |
*Bold indicates statistically significant p values. CCL, CC motif chemokine ligand; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CXCL, CXC motif chemokine ligand; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; T, timepoint (0 indicates baseline); TNF, tumor necrosis factor. †Benjamini-Hochberg corrected (false discovery rate = 0.05).