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. 2023 May 22;13:8228. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32216-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Clustering of COPD subjects by the EN-identified signature highlights distinct regulation of immune-associated processes. (a) Hierarchical clustering of the 52-feature signature highlights distinct clustering of greater decliners (magenta) and lesser decliners (yellow). Only 5 out of the 45 subjects were misclassified (Sensitivity: 85.7%, Specificity: 90.3%). BAL proteins denoted by blue text. (b) Significantly enriched ontology clusters by Metascape analysis. (c, d) Pathways encompassed in the (c) complement system cluster and in the (d) positive regulation of cytokine production cluster are listed in the table. Hatched squares indicate protein involvement in a particular pathway, colorations of magenta or yellow represent a relative elevation of the protein concentration in greater decliners or lesser decliners, respectively.