TABLE 5.

List of anti-inflammatory phytochemicals used as current drugs/medicines.

Drug/medicine (class/group of compounds)	Pharmacological action	Disease/disorder	Molecular targets	References
Colchicine (alkaloid)	Microtubule polymerization by binding to tubulin	Gout attacks Joint Pain	Tubulin	Leung et al. (2015)
Escin (triterpenoid saponin)	Anti-inflammatory, reduces vascular permeability by inducing endothelial nitric oxide synthesis	Cerebral edema and chronic venous insufficiency	NO synthesis	Gallelli (2019)
Capsaicin (methoxy phenol)	Defunctionalisation of nociceptor fibers by inducing a topical hypersensitivity reaction on the skin	Neuropathic pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia	Nociceptor fibers	Fattori et al. (2016)
Bicyclol (lignan)	cytochrome P-450 enzyme system stimulants	Liver complications	cytochrome P-450 enzyme	Liu et al. (2005); Bao and Liu (2008)
Borneol (monoterpene)	Induces anesthesia and analgesia	Anxiety, fatigue, and insomnia	—	Xiong et al. (2013); Ji et al. (2020)
Bromelain	Reduces inflammation by interfering with the enzymatic synthesis involved in the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway	Osteoarthritis, hay fever, ulcerative colitis, and debridement	Arachidonic acid	Hale et al. (2005); Rathnavelu et al. (2016)