Table 3. Doses and early effects of foundational therapies in randomized controlled trials.

Drug name	Trial name	Ref. #	Starting dose	Steps of titration	Target dose	Mean dose achieved in RCTs	Proportion reaching target dose	Mean dose at earliest time of efficacy (% of target dose)	Earliest time of efficacy
Enalapril	SOLVD	34, 36	2.5-5 mg BID	44960	10 mg BID	16.6 mg/day	49%	NR	30 days
Candesartan	CHARM-low LVEF	41, 42	4-8 mg QD	44960	32 mg QD	24 mg/day	60%	8.5 mg QD (26.6%)	28 days
Carvedilol	COPERNICUS	50, 54	3.125 mg BID	4	25 mg BID	37 mg/day	65%	6.5 mg BID (26%)	28 days
Eplerenone	EMPHASIS-HF	42, 55	25 mg QD	2	50 mg QD	42 mg/day	85%	27.6 mg QD (55.2%)	28 days
Eplerenone	EPHESUS	58, 59	25 mg QD	2	50 mg QD	42.6 mg/day	NR	25 mg QD (50%)	30 days
Sacubitril/valsartan	PARADIGM-HF	6, 48	49/51 mg BID	2	97/103 BID	182 mg/193 mg/day	NR	NR (Most patients maintained at target dose)	30 days
Dapagliflozin	DAPA-HF	7, 69	10 mg QD	1	10 mg QD	9.8 mg/day	98.1%	10 mg QD (100%)	28 days
Empagliflozin	EMPEROR-Reduced	8, 70	10 mg QD	1	10 mg QD	NR	NR	10 mg QD (100%)	28 days

BID, twice daily; NR, not reported; QD, once daily; Ref, reference.