Table 1.

Examples of Structural Vulnerability Profile^a biomarkers and their visibility.

+ indicates the biomarker is observable at this level; - indicates it is not observable; and

+/- indicates it is sometimes observable depending on variables such as preservation, image quality, etc.

* indicates the expertise of an anthropologist is required.

** indicates the expertise of a pathologist is required.

Biomarker	Levels of Visibility
	Fully Fleshed	CT Scans	X-Rays	Skeletal
Porotic lesions of the skull (porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia)	–	+*	+*	+*
Craniofacial fluctuating asymmetry	–	+*	+/−*	+*
Oral Health (Overall)	+/−	+	+	+
Caries	+/−	+	+	+
Abscesses	+/−	+	+	+
Antemortem tooth loss	+/−	+	+	+
Calculus	+/−	+/−	+/−	+
Enamel defects	+/−	+/−	+/−	+
Dental treatment (veneers, braces, bridges, etc.)	+/−	+	+	+
Post-cranial porotic lesions (e.g., scurvy)	–	+*	–	+*
Thoracic and lumbar vertebral neural canal size	–	+/−	–	+
Severe/untreated manageable chronic skeletal conditions	+/−*	+*	+*	+*
Isolated, improperly set fractures	+	+	+	+
Repetitive fractures or injuries	+	+	+	+
Evidence of medical treatment (e.g., joint replacement, remediated cranial fracture)	+	+	+	+
Evidence of gender-affirming surgeries	+	+	+/−	+/−
Early onset of age-related pathological conditions (e.g., osteoarthritis)	+/−**	+*	+*	+*
Early age-at-death	+	+	+	+
Overall nourishment/body condition	+**	+**	+/−	–

^aMost SVP traits in this and the following table come from Table 1 in Winburn et al. (this issue), with the exception of “thoracic and lumbar vertebral neural canal size” and “overall nourishment/body condition”.