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. 2023 May 22;6(5):e2314422. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.14422

Table 1. Sociodemographics and Health Characteristics by Study Sitea.

Characteristic Total population (N = 798)c Study siteb P value
SUD treatment program (n = 41 [5.1%]) Adolescent medicine program (n = 84 [10.5%]) Primary care (n = 673 [84.3%])
Sex assigned at birth
Male 364 (45.6) 28 (68.3) 30 (35.7) 306 (45.5) .007
Female 433 (54.3) 13 (31.7) 54 (64.3) 366 (54.4)
Unknown 1 (0.1) 0 0 1 (0.1)
Genderd
Male 365 (45.7) 28 (68.3) 29 (34.5) 308 (45.8) <.001
Female 415 (52.0) 11 (26.8) 53 (63.1) 351 (52.2)
Other 17 (2.1) 2 (4.9) 1 (1.2) 14 (2.1)
Preferred not to answer 1 (0.1) 0 1 (1.2) 0
Age, y
Mean (SD) 14.6 (1.6) 15.7 (1.3) 15.8 (1.3) 14.4 (1.5) <.001
12-13 199 (24.9) 3 (7.3) 4 (4.8) 192 (28.5) <.001
14-17 599 (75.1) 38 (92.7) 80 (95.2) 481 (71.5)
Ethnicityd
Hispanic or Latino 122 (15.3) 4 (9.8) 72 (85.7) 46 (6.8) <.001
Non-Hispanic or non-Latino 645 (80.8) 33 (80.5) 10 (11.9) 602 (89.5)
Unknown, refused to answer, or missing 31 (3.9) 4 (9.8) 2 (2.4) 25 (3.7)
Raced
Asian 69 (8.6) 0 0 69 (10.3) <.001
Black or African American 61 (7.6) 6 (14.6) 32 (38.1) 23 (3.4)
White 524 (65.7) 29 (70.7) 10 (11.9) 485 (72.1)
Othere 50 (6.3) 1 (2.4) 24 (28.6) 25 (3.7)
Multiple races 53 (6.6) 2 (4.9) 5 (6.0) 46 (6.8)
Unknown, refused to answer, or missing 41 (5.1) 3 (7.3) 13 (15.5) 25 (3.7)
No. of parents or caregivers living with participant
0 or 1 121 (15.2) 7 (17.1) 44 (52.4) 70 (10.4) <.001
2 637 (79.8) 31 (75.6) 34 (40.5) 572 (85.0)
>2 25 (3.1) 0 4 (4.8) 21 (3.1)
Missing 15 (1.9) 3 (7.3) 2 (2.4) 10 (1.5)
Parental or caregiver educationf
Less than collegeg 117 (14.7) 7 (17.1) 49 (58.3) 61 (9.1) <.001
College or moreh 564 (70.7) 27 (65.9) 11 (13.1) 526 (78.2)
Unknown 79 (9.9) 4 (9.8) 16 (19.0) 59 (8.8)
Missing 38 (4.8) 3 (7.3) 8 (9.5) 27 (4.0)
GAD-2 scorei
Negative (0-2) 646 (81.0) 29 (70.7) 69 (82.1) 548 (81.4) .11
Positive (≥3) 134 (16.8) 9 (22.0) 12 (14.3) 113 (16.8)
Missing 18 (2.3) 3 (7.3) 3 (3.6) 12 (1.8)
PHQ-2 scorej
Negative (0-2) 681 (85.3) 29 (70.7) 67 (79.8) 585 (86.9) .01
Positive (≥3) 105 (13.2) 10 (24.4) 14 (16.7) 81 (12.0)
Missing 12 (1.5) 2 (4.9) 3 (3.6) 7 (1.0)
ADD or ADHDk
No 638 (79.9) 22 (53.7) 68 (81.0) 548 (81.4) <.001
Yes 149 (18.7) 17 (41.5) 14 (16.7) 118 (17.5)
Missing 11 (1.4) 2 (4.9) 2 (2.4) 7 (1.0)

Abbreviations: ADD, attention-deficit disorder; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; SUD, substance use disorder.

a

Unless indicated otherwise, values are presented as No. (%) of participants.

b

Study sites comprised the following, all in Massachusetts: (1) an outpatient adolescent SUD treatment program at a pediatric hospital, (2) an adolescent medicine program at a community pediatric practice affiliated with an academic institution, and (3) 28 participating pediatric primary care practices.

c

A total of 798 participants were enrolled but 12 terminated participation early.

d

Gender, race, and ethnicity were self-reported.

e

This category was created because the samples were small and includes American Indian or Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.

f

Participants were asked: “Of the parent(s)/caregiver(s) who live with you at home, what is the highest level of education he/she has completed?”

g

Responses included (1) grade 12 or less or high-school graduate or (2) general educational development test, high-school equivalency test, some college, associate degree, or technical school training.

h

This category includes an undergraduate (bachelor) degree or graduate or greater (master, doctorate, etc) degree.

i

The GAD-2 uses the first 2 questions of the 7-item GAD scale. Scores range from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating greater likelihood of generalized anxiety; scores of 3 or greater suggest that generalized anxiety disorder is likely.

j

The PHQ-2 uses the first 2 questions of the 9-item PHQ. Scores range from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating greater likelihood of depression; scores of 3 or greater suggest that a major depressive disorder is likely.

k

Participants were asked: “Has a doctor or health care provider ever told you that you have ADD or ADHD? In the past 12 months, have you been prescribed medication for ADD or ADHD?”

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