Table 1. Sociodemographics and Health Characteristics by Study Sitea.
Characteristic | Total population (N = 798)c | Study siteb | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SUD treatment program (n = 41 [5.1%]) | Adolescent medicine program (n = 84 [10.5%]) | Primary care (n = 673 [84.3%]) | |||
Sex assigned at birth | |||||
Male | 364 (45.6) | 28 (68.3) | 30 (35.7) | 306 (45.5) | .007 |
Female | 433 (54.3) | 13 (31.7) | 54 (64.3) | 366 (54.4) | |
Unknown | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) | |
Genderd | |||||
Male | 365 (45.7) | 28 (68.3) | 29 (34.5) | 308 (45.8) | <.001 |
Female | 415 (52.0) | 11 (26.8) | 53 (63.1) | 351 (52.2) | |
Other | 17 (2.1) | 2 (4.9) | 1 (1.2) | 14 (2.1) | |
Preferred not to answer | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (1.2) | 0 | |
Age, y | |||||
Mean (SD) | 14.6 (1.6) | 15.7 (1.3) | 15.8 (1.3) | 14.4 (1.5) | <.001 |
12-13 | 199 (24.9) | 3 (7.3) | 4 (4.8) | 192 (28.5) | <.001 |
14-17 | 599 (75.1) | 38 (92.7) | 80 (95.2) | 481 (71.5) | |
Ethnicityd | |||||
Hispanic or Latino | 122 (15.3) | 4 (9.8) | 72 (85.7) | 46 (6.8) | <.001 |
Non-Hispanic or non-Latino | 645 (80.8) | 33 (80.5) | 10 (11.9) | 602 (89.5) | |
Unknown, refused to answer, or missing | 31 (3.9) | 4 (9.8) | 2 (2.4) | 25 (3.7) | |
Raced | |||||
Asian | 69 (8.6) | 0 | 0 | 69 (10.3) | <.001 |
Black or African American | 61 (7.6) | 6 (14.6) | 32 (38.1) | 23 (3.4) | |
White | 524 (65.7) | 29 (70.7) | 10 (11.9) | 485 (72.1) | |
Othere | 50 (6.3) | 1 (2.4) | 24 (28.6) | 25 (3.7) | |
Multiple races | 53 (6.6) | 2 (4.9) | 5 (6.0) | 46 (6.8) | |
Unknown, refused to answer, or missing | 41 (5.1) | 3 (7.3) | 13 (15.5) | 25 (3.7) | |
No. of parents or caregivers living with participant | |||||
0 or 1 | 121 (15.2) | 7 (17.1) | 44 (52.4) | 70 (10.4) | <.001 |
2 | 637 (79.8) | 31 (75.6) | 34 (40.5) | 572 (85.0) | |
>2 | 25 (3.1) | 0 | 4 (4.8) | 21 (3.1) | |
Missing | 15 (1.9) | 3 (7.3) | 2 (2.4) | 10 (1.5) | |
Parental or caregiver educationf | |||||
Less than collegeg | 117 (14.7) | 7 (17.1) | 49 (58.3) | 61 (9.1) | <.001 |
College or moreh | 564 (70.7) | 27 (65.9) | 11 (13.1) | 526 (78.2) | |
Unknown | 79 (9.9) | 4 (9.8) | 16 (19.0) | 59 (8.8) | |
Missing | 38 (4.8) | 3 (7.3) | 8 (9.5) | 27 (4.0) | |
GAD-2 scorei | |||||
Negative (0-2) | 646 (81.0) | 29 (70.7) | 69 (82.1) | 548 (81.4) | .11 |
Positive (≥3) | 134 (16.8) | 9 (22.0) | 12 (14.3) | 113 (16.8) | |
Missing | 18 (2.3) | 3 (7.3) | 3 (3.6) | 12 (1.8) | |
PHQ-2 scorej | |||||
Negative (0-2) | 681 (85.3) | 29 (70.7) | 67 (79.8) | 585 (86.9) | .01 |
Positive (≥3) | 105 (13.2) | 10 (24.4) | 14 (16.7) | 81 (12.0) | |
Missing | 12 (1.5) | 2 (4.9) | 3 (3.6) | 7 (1.0) | |
ADD or ADHDk | |||||
No | 638 (79.9) | 22 (53.7) | 68 (81.0) | 548 (81.4) | <.001 |
Yes | 149 (18.7) | 17 (41.5) | 14 (16.7) | 118 (17.5) | |
Missing | 11 (1.4) | 2 (4.9) | 2 (2.4) | 7 (1.0) |
Abbreviations: ADD, attention-deficit disorder; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; SUD, substance use disorder.
Unless indicated otherwise, values are presented as No. (%) of participants.
Study sites comprised the following, all in Massachusetts: (1) an outpatient adolescent SUD treatment program at a pediatric hospital, (2) an adolescent medicine program at a community pediatric practice affiliated with an academic institution, and (3) 28 participating pediatric primary care practices.
A total of 798 participants were enrolled but 12 terminated participation early.
Gender, race, and ethnicity were self-reported.
This category was created because the samples were small and includes American Indian or Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander.
Participants were asked: “Of the parent(s)/caregiver(s) who live with you at home, what is the highest level of education he/she has completed?”
Responses included (1) grade 12 or less or high-school graduate or (2) general educational development test, high-school equivalency test, some college, associate degree, or technical school training.
This category includes an undergraduate (bachelor) degree or graduate or greater (master, doctorate, etc) degree.
The GAD-2 uses the first 2 questions of the 7-item GAD scale. Scores range from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating greater likelihood of generalized anxiety; scores of 3 or greater suggest that generalized anxiety disorder is likely.
The PHQ-2 uses the first 2 questions of the 9-item PHQ. Scores range from 0 to 6, with higher scores indicating greater likelihood of depression; scores of 3 or greater suggest that a major depressive disorder is likely.
Participants were asked: “Has a doctor or health care provider ever told you that you have ADD or ADHD? In the past 12 months, have you been prescribed medication for ADD or ADHD?”