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. 2023 May 9;14:1190576. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190576

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Copyright © 2023 Seo, Lee, Tae, Kim, Moon, Jung, Kim, Hwang, Jeong, Jeong, Lee, Chung, Kim, Park, Seok, Kim and Lee

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Identification of acute rejection-specific urinary exosomal microRNAs in discovery set. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis of the 29 candidate microRNAs selected from NanoString analysis, bioinformatics analysis, and literature review reveals that 8 (as shown below) are differentially expressed in patients with acute rejection, as compared to their corresponding expressions in patients maintaining stable graft functions. Each microRNA level has been normalized using hsa-miR-16-5p and expressed as delta delta cycle threshold (ddCt) value after log transformation. STA, stable graft function; AR, acute rejection. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.