Table. Factors Associated With Instrument-Based Vision Screening of Commercially Insured US Children Aged 12 to 36 Months.
| Variable | Instrument-based vision screening over a 12-mo interval, No. (%) | Adjusted odds of receiving vision screening, aOR (95% CIb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 197 976) | Yes (n = 48 101) | P valuea | ||
| Age, y | ||||
| 1 to <2 | 105 353 (82) | 22 483 (18) | <.001 | 1 [Reference] |
| 2 to <3 | 92 623 (78) | 25 618 (22) | 1.70 (1.66-1.74) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 95 983 (80) | 23 366 (20) | .70 | 1 [Reference] |
| Male | 101 993 (80) | 24 735 (20) | 0.99 (0.97-1.01) | |
| US Census region | ||||
| South | 76 648 (79) | 20 110 (21) | <.001 | 1 [Reference] |
| West | 33 221 (78) | 9153 (22) | 1.04 (1.01-1.07) | |
| Midwest | 48 971 (86) | 8193 (14) | 0.68 (0.66-0.70) | |
| Northeast | 39 136 (79) | 10 645 (21) | 1.08 (1.05-1.11) | |
| High-deductible insurance plan | ||||
| No | 135 073 (81) | 31 869 (19) | <.001 | 1 [Reference] |
| Yes | 62 903 (79) | 16 232 (21) | 1.12 (1.09-1.14) | |
| Preventive care visits | ||||
| 1 | 115 444 (83) | 24 330 (17) | <.001 | 1 [Reference] |
| >1 | 82 532 (78) | 23 771 (22) | 1.77 (1.73-1.82) | |
| Screening devicec | ||||
| Off-site interpretation | 86 290 (79) | 22 447 (21) | <.001 | 1 [Reference] |
| On-site interpretation | 111 686 (81) | 25 654 (19) | 1.01 (0.99-1.03) | |
| Median practitioner payment, $c | ||||
| Quartile 1 (<$8.0) | 51 491 (81) | 12 052 (19) | <.001 | 1 [Reference] |
| Quartile 2 ($8.0-$11.4) | 56 212 (84) | 10 454 (16) | 0.78 (0.75-0.80) | |
| Quartile 3 ($11.4-$20.8) | 46 458 (78) | 13 209 (22) | 1.11 (1.08-1.15) | |
| Quartile 4 (>$20.8) | 43 815 (78) | 12 386 (22) | 1.13 (1.10-1.16) | |
| Frequency of out-of-pocket expensesc | ||||
| Quartile 1 (<2.3%) | 50 986 (81) | 11 980 (19) | <.001 | 1 [Reference] |
| Quartile 2 (2.3%-5.0%) | 47 586 (78) | 13 326 (22) | 1.14 (1.11-1.18) | |
| Quartile 3 (5.0%-8.8%) | 48 671 (79) | 12 584 (21) | 1.06 (1.03-1.10) | |
| Quartile 4 (>8.8%) | 50 733 (83) | 10 211 (17) | 0.89 (0.86-0.92) | |
Abbreviation: aOR, adjusted odds ratio.
a
Pearson χ2 test.
b
Multivariable logistic regression model includes all variables in the table.
c
In the core-based statistical area of residence; see the eMethods in Supplement 1 for term definitions.