Table 3.

Associations of maternal hair cortisol concentrations in early and mid-pregnancy, with glycemic traits, HOMA scores and odds of GDM among pregnant women in Lima, Peru (N=527).

	HCC early-pregnancy (1-12 gestational weeks)					HCC mid-pregnancy (13-24 gestational weeks)
	N	Beta (95% CI)	Beta (95% CI)	P*	Adjusted R- square	N	Beta (95% CI)	Beta (95% CI)	P*	Adjusted R- square
Unadjusted model
Fasting Insulin	326	0.19 (0.07, 0.30)	0.99 (0.26, 1.73)	0.002	0.028	328	0.22 (0.09, 0.35)	1.05 (0.22, 1.87)	0.001	0.029
HOMA-IR	326	0.20 (0.08, 0.31)	0.23 (0.07, 0.40)	0.002	0.028	328	0.22 (0.09, 0.36)	0.25 (0.06, 0.43)	0.001	0.029
HOMA-B	326	0.16 (0.03, 0.29)	13.78 (−1.51, 29.07)	0.013	0.016	328	0.19 (0.05, 0.33)	12.01 (−5.19, 29.21)	0.010	0.017
Fasting glucose	525	0.001(−0.01, 0.02)	0.08 (−1.16, 1.32)	0.859	−0.002	527	0.002 (−0.01, 0.02)	0.07 (−1.25, 1.38)	0.829	−0.002
Glucose-1h	525	2.17 (−0.87, 5.20)	---	0.162	0.002	527	2.93 (−0.29, 6.15)	---	0.075	0.004
Glucose-2h	525	2.65 (−0.10, 5.39)	---	0.060	0.005	527	2.60 (−0.32, 5.53)	---	0.081	0.004
GDM†	525	0.15 (−0.16, 0.46)	---	0.331	---	527	0.13 (−0.20, 0.46)	---	0.44	---
Basic model
Fasting Insulin	319	0.17 (0.06, 0.28)	0.89 (0.16, 1.62)	0.003	0.103	321	0.19 (0.07, 0.32)	0.93 (0.11, 1.74)	0.003	0.103
HOMA-IR	319	0.18 (0.06, 0.29)	0.21 (0.05, 0.37)	0.003	0.103	321	0.20 (0.07, 0.33)	0.22 (0.04, 0.40)	0.003	0.104
HOMA-B	319	0.15 (0.02, 0.28)	12.80 (−2.62, 28.23)	0.020	0.049	321	0.17 (0.03, 0.31)	10.25 (−7.06, 27.55)	0.021	0.049
Fasting glucose	512	0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)	−0.02 (−1.29, 1.25)	0.997	0.004	514	0.002 (−0.01, 0.02)	0.12 (−1.22, 1.46)	0.788	0.004
Glucose-1h	51	1.58 (−1.52, 4.68)	---	0.317	0.017	514	2.75 (−0.51, 6.02)	---	0.099	0.021
Glucose-2h	512	2.19 (−0.55, 4.92)	---	0.118	0.032	514	2.74 (−0.15, 5.62)	---	0.064	0.034
GDM†	512	0.17 (−0.15, 0.48)	---	0.284	---	514	0.19 (−0.15, 0.53)	---	0.278	---
Fully adjusted model
Fasting Insulin	278	0.15 (0.03, 0.27)	0.69 (−0.03, 1.41)	0.016	0.134	279	0.17 (0.04, 0.30)	0.69 (−0.09, 1.47)	0.010	0.137
HOMA-IR	278	0.14 (0.01, 0.26)	0.14 (−0.01, 0.30)	0.031	0.133	279	0.17 (0.03, 0.30)	0.15 (−0.02, 0.32)	0.015	0.137
HOMA-B	278	0.20 (0.05, 0.34)	17.20 (−0.62, 35.01)	0.008	0.063	279	0.20 (0.04, 0.36)	11.99 (−7.45, 31.45)	0.012	0.059
Fasting glucose	469	−0.01 (−0.02, 0.01)	−0.78 (−2.10, 0.53)	0.259	0.008	470	−0.002 (−0.02, 0.01)	−0.24 (−1.59, 1.12)	0.803	0.005
Glucose-1h	469	1.05 (−2.27, 4.37)	---	0.535	0.016	470	2.09 (−1.32, 5.50)	---	0.230	0.018
Glucose-2h	469	1.91 (−0.99, 4.81)	---	0.198	0.019	470	2.33 (−0.64, 5.31)	---	0.125	0.021
GDM†	469	−0.05 (−0.46, 0.34)	---	0.808	---	470	0.11 (−0.30, 0.51)	---	0.608	---

GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, HOMA-B: homeostasis model assessment for β-cell function. Basic model: model adjusted for maternal age, parity, and pre-pregnancy BMI. Fully adjusted model: additionally adjusted for gestational week, hair tinting, family history of diabetes, maternal education and food insecurity. Beta: association estimates obtained using original units for outcomes that were log-transformed (i.e., fasting insulin (μIU/mL), HOMA scores and fasting glucose (mg/dL)).

^*P value obtained from the model on the logarithmic scale for log-transformed traits; otherwise, from the model using the trait in their original scale.

^†Estimates for GDM are shown in the log-odds scale. Missing values in our sample were seen for pre-pregnancy BMI (n=13), gestational week (n=2) and hair tinting (n=43).