Table 1:
Study population demographic and clinical characteristics
| Variable | First IV Vasopressor | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Norepinephrine | Phenylephrine | Other | |
| Subjects | 156 | 79 (51%) | 69 (44%) | 8 (5%) |
| Had Second Vasopressor Type | ||||
| No | 85 (54%) | 54 (64%) | 27 (32%) | 4 (5%) |
| Yes | 71 (46%) | 25 (35%) | 42 (59%) | 4 (6%) |
| Mean (SD) hours | 27.8 (39.6) | 33.4 (43.9) | 26.5 (38.5) | 6.6 (9.4) |
| 0-4 hours | 25 (16%) | 6 (24%) | 16 (64%) | 3 (12%) |
| 4-24 hours | 26 (17%) | 11 (42%) | 14 (54%) | 1 (4%) |
| 24+ hours | 20 (13%) | 8 (40%) | 12 (60%) | 0 (0%) |
| Site | ||||
| A | 37 (24%) | 30 (81%) | 5 (14%) | 2 (5%) |
| B | 7 (4%) | 3 (43%) | 4 (57%) | 0 (0%) |
| C | 31 (20%) | 7 (23%) | 24 (77%) | 0 (0%) |
| D | 12 (8%) | 11 (92%) | 1 (8%) | 0 (0%) |
| E | 39 (25%) | 18 (46%) | 19 (49%) | 2 (5%) |
| F | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) |
| G | 9 (6%) | 5 (56%) | 3 (33%) | 1 (11%) |
| H | 2 (1%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 0 (0%) |
| I | 4 (3%) | 1 (25%) | 3 (75%) | 0 (0%) |
| J | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) |
| K | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) |
| L | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) |
| M | 11 (7%) | 3 (27%) | 7 (64%) | 1 (9%) |
| Age | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 43.1 (17.3) | 43.3 (17.8) | 43.1 (17.4) | 41.8 (12.4) |
| <20 | 9 (6%) | 6 (67%) | 3 (33%) | 0 (0%) |
| 20-29 | 37 (24%) | 17 (46%) | 18 (49%) | 2 (5%) |
| 30-39 | 29 (19%) | 16 (55%) | 12 (41%) | 1 (3%) |
| 40-49 | 26 (17%) | 12 (46%) | 11 (42%) | 3 (12%) |
| 50-59 | 27 (17%) | 11 (41%) | 14 (52%) | 2 (7%) |
| 60-69 | 13 (8%) | 9 (69%) | 4 (31%) | 0 (0%) |
| 70-79 | 13 (8%) | 7 (54%) | 6 (46%) | 0 (0%) |
| 80+ | 2 (1%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 0 (0%) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 121 (78%) | 63 (52%) | 53 (44%) | 5 (4%) |
| Female | 35 (22%) | 16 (46%) | 16 (46%) | 3 (9%) |
| Race | ||||
| White | 122 (81%) | 60 (49%) | 56 (46%) | 6 (5%) |
| Black | 15 (10%) | 10 (67%) | 5 (33%) | 0 (0%) |
| Other | 13 (9%) | 6 (46%) | 7 (54%) | 0 (0%) |
| Unknown | 6 | 3 (50%) | 1 (17%) | 2 (33%) |
| Hispanic | ||||
| No | 123 (82%) | 62 (50%) | 57 (46%) | 4 (3%) |
| Yes | 27 (18%) | 15 (56%) | 10 (37%) | 2 (7%) |
| Unknown | 6 | 2 (33%) | 2 (33%) | 2 (33%) |
| Education Years | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 12.7 (2.7) | 12.3 (3.1) | 13.2 (2.2) | 11.1 (2.5) |
| Less than high school | 31 (24%) | 23 (74%) | 5 (16%) | 3 (10%) |
| High school only | 48 (38%) | 18 (38%) | 27 (56%) | 3 (6%) |
| Some college | 22 (17%) | 11 (50%) | 10 (45%) | 1 (5%) |
| 4yr degree | 19 (15%) | 10 (53%) | 9 (47%) | 0 (0%) |
| Post-graduate | 7 (6%) | 3 (43%) | 4 (57%) | 0 (0%) |
| Unknown | 29 | 14 (48%) | 14 (48%) | 1 (3%) |
| Injury Cause | ||||
| MVCi (occupant) | 40 (26%) | 22 (55%) | 15 (38%) | 3 (8%) |
| MCCii | 19 (12%) | 10 (53%) | 9 (47%) | 0 (0%) |
| MVC (cyclist or pedestrian) | 25 (16%) | 10 (40%) | 13 (52%) | 2 (8%) |
| Fall | 38 (24%) | 16 (42%) | 22 (58%) | 0 (0%) |
| Assault | 9 (6%) | 8 (89%) | 1 (11%) | 0 (0%) |
| Other/Unknown | 25 (16%) | 13 (52%) | 9 (36%) | 3 (12%) |
| Injury Cause | ||||
| Acceleration/deceleration | 80 (52%) | 38 (48%) | 38 (48%) | 4 (5%) |
| Blow to head | 45 (29%) | 24 (53%) | 19 (42%) | 2 (4%) |
| Head against object | 105 (68%) | 54 (51%) | 45 (43%) | 6 (6%) |
| Crush | 5 (3%) | 1 (20%) | 4 (80%) | 0 (0%) |
| Blast | 0 (0%) | --- | --- | --- |
| Ground level fall | 22 (14%) | 10 (45%) | 11 (50%) | 1 (5%) |
| Fall from height | 41 (26%) | 20 (49%) | 21 (51%) | 0 (0%) |
| Gunshot | 0 (0%) | --- | --- | --- |
| Fragment | 0 (0%) | --- | --- | --- |
| Other | 6 (4%) | 1 (17%) | 4 (67%) | 1 (17%) |
| Unknown | 1 | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| GCS ER Arrival | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.0 (2.8) | 5.0 (2.8) | 5.2 (3.0) | 3.9 (1.6) |
| Severe (3-8) | 128 (82%) | 66 (52%) | 54 (42%) | 8 (6%) |
| Moderate (9-12) | 28 (18%) | 13 (46%) | 15 (54%) | 0 (0%) |
| ISS Non-Head/Neck iii | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.4 (9.2) | 8.9 (10.3) | 7.4 (7.6) | 11.9 (9.7) |
| Unknown | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| AIS Head iv | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.1 (1.1) | 4.1 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.3) | 4.9 (0.4) |
| Unknown | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
| ER SBP (mm Hg) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 140 (34) | 141 (35) | 139 (31) | 135 (52) |
| Unknown | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
| ER MAP (mm Hg) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 106 (26) | 104 (27) | 109 (25) | 97 (30) |
| Unknown | 23 | 8 | 15 | 0 |
| ER Blood Transfusion | ||||
| No | 117 (75%) | 62 (53%) | 48 (41%) | 7 (6%) |
| Yes | 38 (25%) | 16 (42%) | 21 (55%) | 1 (3%) |
| Unknown | 1 | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Initial CT v | ||||
| Negative | 2 (1%) | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | 0 (0%) |
| Positive | 140 (99%) | 71 (51%) | 64 (46%) | 5 (4%) |
| Unknown | 14 | 7 (50%) | 4 (29%) | 3 (21%) |
| Rotterdam Score | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 3.7 (1.3) | 3.7 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.4) | 4.4 (1.5) |
| 2 | 22 (16%) | 9 (41%) | 13 (59%) | 0 (0%) |
| 3 | 55 (39%) | 28 (51%) | 25 (45%) | 2 (4%) |
| 4 | 22 (16%) | 13 (59%) | 8 (36%) | 1 (5%) |
| 5 | 23 (16%) | 15 (65%) | 8 (35%) | 0 (0%) |
| 6 | 18 (13%) | 6 (33%) | 10 (56%) | 2 (11%) |
| Unknown | 16 | 8 (50%) | 5 (31%) | 3 (19%) |
| History of Hypertension | ||||
| No | 107 (76%) | 53 (50%) | 48 (45%) | 6 (6%) |
| Yes | 33 (24%) | 16 (48%) | 15 (45%) | 2 (6%) |
| Unknown | 16 | 10 (63%) | 6 (38%) | 0 (0%) |
| History of TIA vi | ||||
| No | 140 (100%) | 69 (49%) | 63 (45%) | 8 (6%) |
| Yes | 0 (0%) | --- | --- | --- |
| Unknown | 16 | 10 (63%) | 6 (38%) | 0 (0%) |
| ER Mannitol or Hypersaline | ||||
| No | 115 (74%) | 63 (55%) | 46 (40%) | 6 (5%) |
| Yes | 41 (26%) | 16 (39%) | 23 (56%) | 2 (5%) |
| Placement of ICP Monitorvii (ED or first 24hrs) | ||||
| No | 38 (24%) | 15 (39%) | 19 (50%) | 4 (11%) |
| Yes | 118 (76%) | 64 (54%) | 50 (42%) | 4 (3%) |
| Mechanical Ventilation (ED or first 24hrs) | ||||
| No | 12 (8%) | 3 (25%) | 6 (50%) | 3 (25%) |
| Yes | 144 (92%) | 76 (53%) | 63 (44%) | 5 (3%) |
i
MVC = motor vehicle collision
ii
MCC = motor cycle collision
iii
ISS = Injury Severity Score
iv
AIS = Abbreviated Injury Scale
v
CT = Computed tomography
vi
TIA = Transient ischemic attack
vii
ICP = Intracranial pressure monitor