Table 3.

Studies reporting antiviral activity of peptides in in vitro platform

Studies	Target	Selected candidates	Results
Brandon Beddingfield et al.	Integrin-binding peptide Inhibiting the interaction of spike proteins with α5β1 integrin (+/−ACE2), as well as the interaction of α5β1 integrin with ACE2	ATN-161	With an average IC50 of 3.16 µM, ATN-161 was successful in reducing viral loads after infection in Vero E6 cells[23]
Outlaw et al.	HR domains of the fusion subunit	Lipopeptide (HRC1)	With IC50s of 10 nM and IC90s of 100 nM, HRC lipopeptide effectively inhibited S-mediated fusion[24]
Curreli et al.	Helix-1 of ACE2	NYBSP-1	With an IC100 of 17.2 M, NYBSP-1 prevents the complete development of CPEs[25]
Maas et al.	Spike protein RBD-hACE2 complex	A36K-F40E stapled peptide	A36K-F40E stapled peptide (IC50: 3.6 µM, Kd: 2.1 µM)[26]

ACE=Angiotensin-converting enzyme, hACE2=Human ACE2, HR=Heptad repeat, RBD=Receptor-binding domain, CPEs=Cytopathic effects, IC₅₀=Half-maximal inhibitory concentration, HRC=HR complex, ATN, NYBSP-1