Table 1.

Review of literature of skeletal hydatosis

Author	Age/sex	Article	Presenting complaints	Bone involved	Radiograph	Other distant lesion	Biopsy finding	Management	Chemotherapy Outcome	Follow up	Complication
Babitha et al.[9]	52/f	Case report	Dull aching pain	Femur	Fracture with Lytic lesion, shaft of femur	Absent	Lamellated linear eosinophilic anucleated membranous structures, granuloma formation and chronic inflammatory reaction, occasional scolices	Interlocking femur nail for pathological shaft of femur fracture		Non union at fracture site No recurrence	12 months	Non union
Arti	42/m	Case report	Pain, mild swelling	Fibula	Multiple lytic lesion in mid shaft fibula	Absent	Trilamellar cyst and scolices of E. Granulosus	Wide local excision of cyst 10 cm above and below lesion	Albendazole 400 mg bd for 4 weeks	No recurrence seen	12 months	–
Kalinova et al.[3]	45/f	Case report	Pain	Tibia	Oval cystic lesion with diameter of 3.5 cm on diaphysis of reaction on cortex	Not mentioned	Osseous tissue with hyaline and germinative membranes, tibia, periosteal lymphocytes, and monocytes	Povidone iodine injection followed by cystectomy	Albendazole 10 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks	No recurrence seen, excellent outcome	24 months	None
Jain	31/f	Case report	Pain	Pelvis (right iliac fossa)	Ill defined lytic lesion with areas of patchy sclerosis, large solid cystic mass of size 10 × 6.3 cm in right iliac fossa	H/O ovarian hydatid cyst	Osseous tissue with laminated membrane of hydatid cyst mixed with lymphocytes and macrophages	Resection of cystic lesion in sacroiliac joint, reconstruction with allograft and autograft (ribs) with lumbosacroiliac fixation	Albendazole for 1 month	No recurrence	6 months
Siwach	51/f	Case report	Pain, swelling and deformity of thigh	Femur, Hemipelvis and sacrum with spinal canal left side,	Segmental pathological fracture left femur with honey comb appearance and multiple osteolytic lesion, complete resorption of femoral head and neck, narrow transition zone without reactive bone formation in whole left femur	absent	Trilamellar hydatid cyst wall and scolices of E. Granulosus	Albendazole 10 mg/kg/day, No surgical intervention was done	Albendazole 10 mg/kg/day given as treatment measures	Died due to sepsis and extensive bedsores	1 month	Died due to sepsis and extensive bedsores
Musculo	65/f, 33/f	Case report (2 cases)	Case 1:not mentioned Case 2: pathological fracture	Case 1: right femur Case 2: proximal femur	Case 1: multiloculated osteolytic lesion in diaphysis of femur Case 2: pathological fracture, high signal intensity in femoral head, extensive soft tissue compromise laterally	Case 1: not mentioned Case 2: not mentioned	Case 1: not mentioned Case 2: Not dmentioned	Case 1: wide local excision and reconstruction with intercalary allograft, fixation with locked intramedullary nail and four cancellous screws at distal osteotomy site Case 2: wide local excision of proximal femur, proximal femoral prosthesis allograft composite was used to reconstruct the defect, fixation was done with dynamic compression plates and screw	Case 1: no preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy was given Case 2: oral albendazole 15 mg/kg/day preoperatively for 1 months andpostoperatively for 6 months	Case 1: excellent outcome MSTS score 28/30, no recurrence at follow up Case 2: No recurrence, excellent outcome (MSTS score 29/30)	Case 1: 108 months Case 2: 60 months	None in both
Bitar	26/m	Case report	Pathological fracture following blunt trauma after sports injury	Tibia	Pathological fracture of tibia, well defined cystic lesion involving medullary cavity and scalloping of cortex	None	Foreign body granuloma and sheets of lamellated membrane consistent with hydatid cyst	Curettage of lesion followed by reconstruction with bone graft	Albendazole 10 mg/kg/day bd for every 4 weeks out of 6 weeks for 4 months			44 months
Alem-daroglu	30/m	Case report	Limping, intermittent pain, swelling	Tibia	Multiloculated mixed lytic and sclerotic lesion, bunch of grapes appearance, diffusely expanded bone, endosteal thinning, no obvious deformity or fracture	5 × 4 cm cystic lesion in spleen	Cyst of variable sizes with smooth outer membrane, daughter embryos seen in inner layer of cyst	Wide local curettage to create an anterior window on tibia, thermal effect of PMMA applied for 3 min and reconstruction with femoral cortical allograft to cover the anterior defect, splenectomy performed in same session Second procedure was done with unreamed locked intramedullary nail and mixture of cancellous allograft and 30 mL demineralized bone matrix used for nonunion	Albendazole 10 mg/kg/day preoperatively for 1 month	No relapse, complete healing Complete union after second procedure at 12 months	34 months	Non union of allograft on first procedure
Schnep-penheim	54/f	Case report	Pain and swelling	Tibia	Multiple osteolytic lesion with reactive sclerosis	None	Trilamellar cystic wall with scolices of E Granulosus	Wide local curettage and reconstruction of defect with fibular autograft as well as allograft	Postoperative albendazole 10 mg/kg/day and Praziquantal (40 mg/kg/week)	Pain free, asymptomatic and no recurrence, well uptake of allograft	24 months	None
Gnana-sekaran	25/f	Case report	Discharging sinus on and off	Femur	Cortical thickening and sclerosis with intervening lucencies in diaphysis of femur, mild periosteal reaction with deformity seen	None	Viable and necrotic bones with cyst wall composed of acellular eosinophilic lamellated material surrounded with fibrosis, scolices of E Granulosus with hooklets in germinal layer	Debridement, sequestrectomy and saucerization followed by cotrimoxazole, praziquantel and albendazole, second stage surgery with re debridement with hypertonic saline and hypertonic saline with antibiotic cement spacer for cortical defect	Postoperative praziquantel, albendazole for 6 months	Good wound healing, asymptomatic and no evidence of recurrence	12 months	Recurrence after first debridement