Table 3.
Correlates of behavioral transitions in ENDS use over Waves 3–5, PATH Study.
| Characteristics | ENDS use transitions |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initiation (n = 12,856) |
Relapse (n = 14,210) |
Progression (n = 3044) |
Cessation (n = 4492) |
|||||
| Crude n/number at risk (Wt%) | Adjusted OR | Crude n/number at risk (Wt%) | Adjusted OR | Crude n/number at risk (Wt%) | Adjusted OR | Crude n/number at risk (Wt%) | Adjusted OR | |
| Overall | 964 (1.7) | ─ | 1694 (12.1) | ─ | 356 (13.0) | ─ | 1939 (46.3) | ─ |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 18–24a | 490 (7.6) | Ref | 736 (17.0) | Ref | 168 (15.2) | Ref | 788 (46.6) | Ref |
| 25–44 | 283 (2.1) | 0.25 (0.19–0.32) | 714 (11.9) | 0.56 (0.46–0.69) | 127 (12.4) | 0.89 (0.54–1.46) | 703 (48.6) | 0.87 (0.63–1.20) |
| 45–64 | 161 (1.2) | 0.14 (0.10–0.19) | 215 (8.2) | 0.38 (0.28–0.51) | 52 (10.3) | 0.60 (0.35–1.04) | 383 (43.8) | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) |
| 65+ | 30 (0.3) | 0.04 (0.03–0.07) | 29 (7.0) | 0.39 (0.23–0.66) | 11 (16.8) | 0.70 (0.29–1.69) | 65 (44.2) | 1.06 (0.56–2.02) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Femalea | 469 (1.5) | Ref | 848 (11.7) | Ref | 150 (11.7) | Ref | 975 (48.1) | Ref |
| Male | 494 (2.0) | 1.18 (0.93–1.51) | 846 (12.3) | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 206 (14.0) | 1.16 (0.79–1.70) | 964 (44.9) | 0.95 (0.72–1.25) |
| Sexual Orientation | ||||||||
| Straighta | 854 (1.7) | Ref | 1418 (11.5) | Ref | 295 (12.7) | Ref | 1661 (46.6) | Ref |
| LGB | 108 (4.3) | 1.28 (0.82–2.00) | 260 (16.7) | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | 59 (14.0) | 1.15 (0.64–2.06) | 267 (44.9) | 0.91 (0.61–1.38) |
| Not reported | 2 (0.1) | 0.14 (0.02–0.97) | 16 (13.8) | 1.48 (0.69–3.18) | 2 (14.3) | 2.88 (0.42–19.53) | 11 (31.3) | 1.37 (0.27–7.06) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 484 (1.5) | Ref | 1040 (12.4) | Ref | 240 (14.4) | Ref | 1182 (44.0) | Ref |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 182 (2.4) | 1.29 (0.95–1.75) | 180 (10.4) | 0.97 (0.71–1.34) | 37 (12.0) | 0.93 (0.48–1.77) | 244 (53.4) | 0.88 (0.53–1.45) |
| Hispanic | 219 (2.5) | 1.44 (1.07–1.95) | 310 (11.1) | 1.07 (0.84–1.36) | 48 (7.5) | 0.29 (0.16–0.54) | 372 (55.6) | 1.29 (0.86–1.93) |
| Other races | 79 (1.4) | 0.66 (0.46–0.94) | 164 (13.9) | 1.23 (0.91–1.68) | 31 (12.9) | 0.71 (0.32–1.57) | 141 (42.5) | 0.88 (0.52–1.51) |
| Educational | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 166 (2.0) | Ref | 322 (12.1) | Ref | 67 (9.3) | Ref | 452 (51.7) | Ref |
| High school graduate | 260 (1.9) | 0.95 (0.67–1.34) | 421 (12.7) | 1.06 (0.80–1.41) | 92 (13.0) | 1.68 (0.90–3.12) | 483 (45.7) | 1.16 (0.78–1.74) |
| Some college | 387 (2.2) | 1.10 (0.80–1.53) | 735 (13.0) | 1.21 (0.95–1.55) | 150 (13.5) | 1.42 (0.81–2.48) | 789 (45.2) | 1.16 (0.82–1.65) |
| Bachelor’s degree or more | 150 (1.1) | 0.73 (0.48–1.12) | 212 (9.3) | 1.03 (0.75–1.41) | 46 (16.5) | 2.33 (1.22–4.46) | 203 (43.6) | 0.91 (0.56–1.47) |
| Income | ||||||||
| Less than $25,000a | 357 (2.3) | Ref | 662 (13.1) | Ref | 132 (11.3) | Ref | 854 (50.8) | Ref |
| $25,000–$49,999 | 206 (1.9) | 1.18 (0.89–1.57) | 410 (12.1) | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 84 (13.1) | 0.72 (0.42–1.24) | 439 (44.3) | 0.85 (0.60–1.19) |
| $50,000–$99,999 | 190 (1.5) | 1.07 (0.77–1.48) | 346 (11.2) | 0.95 (0.73–1.23) | 86 (15.5) | 0.92 (0.55–1.54) | 369 (44.4) | 0.88 (0.63–1.22) |
| $100,000 or more | 154 (1.5) | 1.24 (0.84–1.83) | 200 (11.0) | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | 37 (14.3) | 0.72 (0.38–1.39) | 179 (39.6) | 0.70 (0.46–1.07) |
| Not reported | 57 (1.2) | 1.00 (0.58–1.73) | 76 (12.5) | 0.79 (0.52–1.19) | 17 (11.6) | 0.63 (0.20–1.98) | 98 (48.0) | 0.68 (0.36–1.28) |
| Internalizing symptoms | ||||||||
| No | 561 (1.3) | Ref | 818 (10.1) | Ref | 177 (11.8) | Ref | 1043 (46.5) | Ref |
| Yes | 403 (3.3) | 1.78 (1.39–2.29) | 874 (14.8) | 1.30 (1.09–1.56) | 178 (14.1) | 1.13 (0.76–1.68) | 890 (46.2) | 1.11 (0.85–1.47) |
| Externalizing symptoms | ||||||||
| No | 900 (1.7) | Ref | 1511 (11.6) | Ref | 319 (12.8) | Ref | 1781 (46.1) | Ref |
| Yes | 64 (5.5) | 1.18 (0.75–1.85) | 181 (18.8) | 1.32 (0.99–1.74) | 36 (14.3) | 1.16 (0.62–2.18) | 151 (48.9) | 1.59 (0.96–2.63) |
| Current use of cigarettes | ||||||||
| No | 722 (1.4) | Ref | 672 (9.1) | Ref | 133 (14.1) | Ref | 759 (40.1) | Ref |
| Yes | 242 (6.6) | 5.57 (4.15–7.48) | 1021 (15.0) | 2.34 (1.88–2.92) | 222 (12.3) | 0.86 (0.54–1.37) | 1180 (51.3) | 1.55 (1.18–2.02) |
| Current other tobacco use | ||||||||
| No | 865 (1.6) | Ref | 1365 (11.3) | Ref | 281 (13.9) | Ref | 1449 (44.8) | Ref |
| Yes | 99 (5.1) | 2.53 (1.76–3.66) | 329 (17.4) | 1.49 (1.17–1.89) | 75 (9.7) | 0.63 (0.37–1.06) | 490 (52.2) | 1.16 (0.80–1.68) |
| Past 12-month cannabis useb | ||||||||
| No | 618 (1.3) | Ref | 802 (9.4) | Ref | 174 (12.8) | Ref | 1007 (45.1) | Ref |
| Yes | 161 (6.1) | 2.99 (2.22–4.02) | 288 (12.9) | 1.31 (1.06–1.61) | 52 (14.3) | 1.12 (0.72–1.74) | 269 (43.1) | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) |
| Nicotine harm perception | ||||||||
| None or little harm | 218 (3.5) | Ref | 582 (13.8) | Ref | 172 (14.9) | Ref | 816 (38.3) | Ref |
| Very harmful | 741 (1.5) | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) | 1106 (11.3) | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 183 (11.5) | 0.75 (0.51–1.09) | 1111 (54.4) | 1.50 (1.15–1.97) |
| ENDS absolute harm perception | ||||||||
| None or little harm | 431 (2.6) | Ref | 1033 (13.8) | Ref | 291 (13.8) | Ref | 1436 (43.3) | Ref |
| Very harmful | 521 (1.4) | 0.86 (0.67–1.10) | 641 (10.1) | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) | 62 (9.7) | 0.74 (0.42–1.32) | 474 (60.3) | 1.32 (0.91–1.93) |
| Comparative harm perception | ||||||||
| Less harmful | 246 (2.3) | Ref | 577 (13.8) | Ref | 205 (16.3) | Ref | 905 (38.9) | Ref |
| Equally or more harmful | 703 (1.6) | 0.91 (0.69–1.19) | 1098 (11.3) | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) | 148 (9.7) | 0.66 (0.43–1.02) | 1016 (56.9) | 1.31 (0.98–1.75) |
| ENDS nicotine dependencec | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | 16.7 (1.6)c | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 13.9 (0.7)c | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) |
W = wave, Wt% = weighted percentage, CI = confidence interval, LGB = Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, or something else, ENDS = electronic nicotine delivery system, Ref = reference.
All analyses were weighted using PATH Wave 5 all-wave weights. Bold-faced indicates p < 0.05.
a
Unweighted n and weighted row percentages.
b
Missing for cannabis use was >5% within transition outcomes.
c
Nicotine dependence shows the weighted mean and standard error among individuals who progressed or discontinued using ENDS.