Table 4.
Correlates of behavioral transitions in cigarette use over Waves 3–5, PATH Study.
| Characteristics | Cigarette use transitions |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initiation (n = 11,845) |
Relapse (n = 15,156) |
Progression (n = 4632) |
Cessation (n = 16,147) |
|||||
| Crude n/number at risk (Wt%)a | Adjusted OR | Crude n/number at risk (Wt%)a | Adjusted OR | Crude n/number at risk (Wt%)a | Adjusted OR | Crude n/number at risk (Wt%)a | Adjusted OR | |
| Overall | 468 (1.6) | ─ | 1472 (4.8) | ─ | 1062 (21.1) | ─ | 2241 (14.0) | ─ |
| Age group | ||||||||
| 18–24 | 415 (6.0) | Ref | 513 (15.3) | Ref | 320 (19.9) | Ref | 688 (24.4) | Ref |
| 25–44 | 53 (0.7) | 0.17 (0.11–0.26) | 634 (7.7) | 0.63 (0.50–0.78) | 430 (19.6) | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) | 954 (14.6) | 0.56 (0.45–0.69) |
| 45–64 | d | d | 265 (3.0) | 0.28 (0.21–0.36) | 261 (21.3) | 0.89 (0.60–1.31) | 458 (9.7) | 0.45 (0.36–0.57) |
| 65+ | d | d | 60 (1.0) | 0.08 (0.05–0.12) | 51 (20.0) | 0.64 (0.33–1.25) | 141 (15.3) | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 202 (1.2) | Ref | 730 (4.6) | Ref | 527 (23.1) | Ref | 1054 (13.6) | Ref |
| Male | 266 (2.3) | 1.74 (1.17–2.58) | 742 (5.0) | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 535 (19.6) | 0.84 (0.64–1.11) | 1187 (14.4) | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) |
| Sexual Orientation | ||||||||
| Straight | 405 (1.5) | Ref | 1273 (4.5) | Ref | 893 (20.8) | Ref | 1965 (14.0) | Ref |
| LGB | 58 (4.3) | 1.38 (0.82–2.33) | 187 (10.0) | 1.13 (0.82–1.55) | 153 (24.0) | 1.10 (0.69–1.76) | 248 (15.0) | 0.80 (0.60–1.07) |
| Not reported | 5 (1.2) | 2.76 (0.94–8.06) | 12 (4.9) | 1.29 (0.45–3.70) | 16 (16.7) | 0.63 (0.15–2.60) | 28 (11.8) | 1.03 (0.49–2.19) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 219 (1.3) | Ref | 816 (3.9) | Ref | 557 (23.5) | Ref | 1291 (13.5) | Ref |
| Non-Hispanic black | 68 (1.5) | 1.09 (0.68–1.75) | 204 (7.8) | 1.29 (0.97–1.72) | 211 (21.1) | 0.72 (0.48–1.08) | 312 (11.0) | 0.68 (0.53–0.87) |
| Hispanic | 133 (2.3) | 1.58 (1.03–2.42) | 343 (7.8) | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | 206 (16.2) | 0.51 (0.36–0.74) | 473 (19.0) | 1.05 (0.83–1.33) |
| Other races | 48 (2.1) | 1.73 (0.74–4.06) | 109 (5.1) | 0.99 (0.67–1.44) | 88 (19.8) | 0.70 (0.39–1.27) | 165 (17.2) | 1.01 (0.74–1.40) |
| Educational | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 59 (2.2) | Ref | 307 (7.7) | Ref | 314 (26.6) | Ref | 493 (10.8) | Ref |
| High school graduate | 148 (1.7) | 0.61 (0.32–1.14) | 338 (5.8) | 0.77 (0.58–1.03) | 279 (21.7) | 0.69 (0.46–1.02) | 514 (11.1) | 0.91 (0.72–1.14) |
| Some college | 227 (2.2) | 0.67 (0.36–1.25) | 579 (5.3) | 0.59 (0.46–0.76) | 360 (21.0) | 0.63 (0.43–0.92) | 863 (16.0) | 1.28 (1.04–1.57) |
| Bachelor’s degree or more | 33 (0.8) | 0.50 (0.20–1.23) | 241 (2.7) | 0.49 (0.36–0.67) | 104 (13.5) | 0.45 (0.27–0.75) | 360 (23.9) | 1.92 (1.47–2.51) |
| Income | ||||||||
| Less than $25,000 | 187 (2.5) | Ref | 581 (8.2) | Ref | 539 (24.5) | Ref | 921 (11.7) | Ref |
| $25,000–$49,999 | 85 (1.6) | 0.77 (0.43–1.37) | 343 (5.4) | 1.04 (0.60–1.81) | 237 (22.4) | 0.89 (0.48–1.66) | 491 (13.2) | 1.03 (0.83–1.29) |
| $50,000–$99,999 | 70 (0.8) | 0.40 (0.24–0.66) | 310 (4.2) | 0.86 (0.50–1.49) | 160 (18.1) | 0.74 (0.38–1.43) | 453 (16.0) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) |
| $100,000 or more | 87 (1.5) | 0.86 (0.49–1.48) | 176 (2.4) | 0.53 (0.30–0.93) | 77 (14.9) | 0.68 (0.33–1.41) | 260 (24.5) | 1.57 (1.17–2.10) |
| Not reported | 57 (1.2) | 0.73 (0.39–1.35) | 62 (3.6) | 0.66 (0.38–1.14) | 49 (16.8) | 0.92 (0.49–1.72) | 116 (14.2) | 1.19 (0.80–1.77) |
| Internalizing symptoms | ||||||||
| No | 286 (1.3) | Ref | 867 (4.0) | Ref | 607 (20.2) | Ref | 1321 (13.9) | Ref |
| Yes | 182 (2.7) | 1.26 (0.91–1.74) | 603 (6.8) | 1.15 (0.95–1.39) | 452 (22.7) | 0.94 (0.71–1.24) | 913 (14.3) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) |
| Externalizing symptoms | ||||||||
| No | 438 (1.5) | Ref | 1362 (4.6) | Ref | 986 (21.0) | Ref | 2049 (13.9) | Ref |
| Yes | 30 (6.0) | 1.95 (1.04–3.65) | 107 (8.7) | 0.93 (0.65–1.33) | 73 (22.1) | 0.93 (0.54–1.58) | 187 (16.2) | 1.38 (1.01–1.90) |
| Current use of ENDS | ||||||||
| No | 445 (1.5) | Ref | 1261 (4.3) | Ref | 853 (20.1) | Ref | 1913 (13.6) | Ref |
| Yes | 23 (23.6) | 5.47 (1.75–17.14) | 210 (17.9) | 2.67 (1.96–3.65) | 203 (27.5) | 0.91 (0.61–1.34) | 326 (17.9) | 1.27 (1.02–1.59) |
| Current other tobacco use | ||||||||
| No | 437 (1.5) | Ref | 1261 (4.2) | Ref | 847 (21.4) | Ref | 1821 (13.5) | Ref |
| Yes | 31 (5.3) | 2.29 (1.04–5.01) | 211 (10.2) | 1.79 (1.34–2.41) | 215 (19.8) | 0.49 (0.33–0.71) | 420 (17.7) | 1.54 (1.25–1.90) |
| Past 12-month cannabis useb | ||||||||
| No | 291 (1.2) | Ref | 892 (3.6) | Ref | 623 (21.5) | Ref | 1312 (13.4) | Ref |
| Yes | 85 (6.3) | 2.14 (1.50–3.06) | 229 (7.9) | 1.74 (1.39–2.19) | 151 (20.8) | 0.94 (0.68–1.31) | 314 (13.3) | 0.88 (0.73–1.07) |
| Nicotine harm perception | ||||||||
| None or little harm | 111 (3.3) | Ref | 437 (8.9) | Ref | 410 (22.7) | Ref | 768 (12.6) | Ref |
| Very harmful | 357 (1.4) | 0.95 (0.58–1.56) | 1027 (3.9) | 0.75 (0.56–1.01) | 645 (20.4) | 0.81 (0.58–1.12) | 1461 (14.8) | 1.22 (0.99–1.51) |
| Cigarette absolute harm perception | ||||||||
| None or little harm | 39 (3.7) | Ref | 218 (11.3) | Ref | 296 (22.0) | Ref | 547 (11.0) | Ref |
| Very harmful | 429 (1.5) | 0.67 (0.37–1.22) | 1245 (4.4) | 0.67 (0.50–0.91) | 763 (21.0) | 0.80 (0.58–1.11) | 1687 (15.3) | 1.47 (1.18–1.83) |
| Comparative harm perception | ||||||||
| Less harmful | 165 (2.9) | Ref | 493 (5.6) | Ref | 293 (20.4) | Ref | 667 (15.8) | Ref |
| Equally or more harmful | 303 (1.3) | 0.75 (0.45–1.24) | 969 (4.4) | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | 750 (21.4) | 0.96 (0.70–1.30) | 1545 (13.5) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) |
| Cigarette nicotine dependencec | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | 29.5 (1.0)c | 1.03 (1.02–1.03) | 29.4 (0.8)c | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) |
W = wave, Wt% = weighted percentage, CI = confidence interval, LGB = Lesbian, Gay, bisexual, or something else, ENDS = electronic nicotine delivery system, Ref = reference.
All analyses were weighted using PATH Wave 5 all-wave weights.
a
Unweighted n and weighted row percentages.
b
Missing for cannabis use was >5% within transition outcomes.
c
Nicotine dependence shows the weighted mean and standard error among individuals who progressed or discontinued using ENDS.
d
No observation was in this category or the model did not converge. Bold-faced indicates p < 0.05.