Table 1.

Primer sequences for white sturgeon (A. transmontanus), hsp70, hsp90a, hsp90b, hsp47, hif1a, hb-a, hb-b, hxk, pepck-c, pepck-m, g6p, igf2, rps5, rps8. Target genes were chosen based on their roles in the response to temperature stress, hypoxia, energy allocation and growth. rps5 and rps8 were used as reference genes because they showed stable expression across all treatments. Efficiencies are listed as a percentage (%)

Gene name	Gene category	Forward primer	Reverse primer	Efficiency (%)
hsp70	Temperature	CCATGAACCCCAGCAACACT	TGCACAACAGAGTCGTCGTA	100.8
hsp90a	Temperature	CCTTGATTGCCTCCTCTGTT	GACTCATTCCAACCGCATCTA	103.4
hsp90b	Temperature	ACTTGGTCCTTGCTCTCACC	GCGATACCACAGCTCTCAGT	104.9
hsp47	Temperature	ACCTGTAATAAGTCCGCATCTC	GTGTACGAACCACCCAAGAA	96.5
hif1a	Hypoxia	GCATCTGAGGATAGTGGTAAAG	CTGTTGGCAGTAGGAGAATG	99.6
hb-a	Blood oxygenation	CGAATTGTCACCAGGTTCTAT	GTGAGAGGCATCTTTGTAGTT	105.4
hb-b	Blood oxygenation	GCTTGCACCAGGGATTT	ACTAAACACCAGCCATCTTAC	104.7
hxk	Energy allocation	GAAGCCGCCAGAACAATAA	GTACACCAAGACCCACTTTAG	100.2
pepck-c	Energy allocation	CGTATGCCCTGACCTTAATC	CGACAATAACTTGAGACACAATC	100.5
pepck-m	Energy allocation	CAGTCAGCGAGTTCGTTTC	CTTTCCAGTGTTCCCAGTATC	97.5
g6p	Energy allocation	CGCTCTGCTTCTCCAATAG	CCCTAACAACCTCACACTAAA	98.9
igf2	Growth	GGAGAATTACACCAGCAAGAA	CACAGAAAGGACGCCAATAA	95.1
gh1	Growth	CGACCGAGTGTTTGAGAAA	AGTGAGCTTCAGCAAAGTAG	104.9
rps5	Reference	ACTCGACCCGAATTGGACG	GTTGACTCTACGCAGGGGG	99.9
rps8	Reference	GGGCGACCCAATTCATACTT	CCAGGGACAACTGGCATAAA	102.7