Table 3.
Photoresponsive hydrogel based on double layer Structure.
| Publication | Molecular composition | Energy input | Output | Response time | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhao et al.(2018)[50] | NFC/PNIPAM-clay | 808 nm NIR(6.68 w/cm2) | Bending | 20s–31s | Actuator Software gripper |
| Zhang et al.(2014)[52] | GO-PNIPAM NC/PNIPAM NC | halogen tungsten lamp(with a filter having cut off<600 nm) | Bending | 20s–130s | Actuator |
| Fusco et al.(2014)[61] | NIPPAM/PEGDA | 785 nm NIR(1.5w/cm2) | Rotate/Bending(3D) | 60s–120s | Micro transport robot |
| Yoon et al.(2016)[54] | PNIPAM-g-MC/PAAM | 450–490 nm NIR(41.3 mW/cm2) | Bending | 30s | Actuator |
| Peng et al.(2017)[55] | PNIPAM/GO-PNIPAM | halogen tungsten lamp(with a filter having cut off<600 nm) | Bending | 60s | Software gripper |
| Zhao et al.(2017)[51] | GO-PDMAA/PNIPAM | 808 nm NIR/(1.25 W/cm2) | Bend off | 105s | Actuator |
| Ma et al.(2018)[56] | GO-PNIPAM/PBI-HPEI | 532 nm Green light | Bending(2D/3D) | – | Actuator |
| Gao et al.(2021)[57] | GO-PNIPAM/TPE-PNIPAM | 808 nm NIR/365 or 254 nm UV | Bending(2D/3D) | 420s(-85°–360°)/300s–600s(3D) | Actuator |
| He et al.(2019)[59] | PolyNIPAM/GO-polyNIPAM | 808 nm NIR(2.5 W/cm2) | Bending | 60s(-189°–200°) | Actuator |
| Wang et al.(2019)[64] | GO-PDMS/PDMS | 980 nm NIR | Swimming | 1s–5s(Average 6 nm/s) | Actuator Beluga soft robot |
| Yang et al.(2019)[63] | rGO/GO-PDA | 808 nm NIR(100 mW/cm2) | Crawl | 1.5s | Inchworm soft robot |
| Shi et al.(2017)[53] | PNIPAM-AuNPs/PNIPAM | 411 nm Blue light(700mW/cm2) | Bending | 30s | Actuator |