Table 17.
A maturity model for additive manufacturing use in open and closed business models.
| Business Model | Maturity level |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1: Emerging | 2: Pacing | 3: Hybrid | 4: Partial replacement of CM | 5: Disruptive | ||
| Open Business Models | Universities Fab Spaces/Labs Consumers |
Planning to implement AM Users and entrepreneurs learn how to use AM technologies Users and entrepreneurs use AM for their own benefit |
Knowledge dissemination and integration in business activities (Universities) Entrepreneurs have access to fab spaces innovation and production capabilities Consumers produce parts for consumption or P2P sales |
Integration of research results directly in industry peers (Universities labs transfer knowledge directly to industry) | Integration of research results directly in industry peers (Universities labs transfer knowledge directly to industry) | Universities become hubs, partners, or incubators Consumers and firms purchase highly customized parts from Fab Spaces Networks of consumers replace manufacturing plants (Prosumers) |
| Closed business models | Supply chain management Product design and development Manufacturing Healthcare Maintenance Education Jewelry industry |
Planning to implement AM | Identification and capture of procedural knowledge Use of AM for product design and rapid prototyping |
Knowledge dissemination and integration in business activities Inclusion of AM in SCs and Manufacturing Possible replacement of suppliers Centralized manufacturing instead of global procurement Local production of high-quality spare parts using AM, and their supply Hybrid methods (e.g., complementary use of machining and AM) Virtual prototyping Rapid production of medical implants/prothesis Patient specific 3D-printed anatomical models – Imaging Model creation for training (regular and disabled students) |
Partial replacement of manufacturing/suppliers The use of sintering and gold 3D printing to produce jewelry |
Replacement of existing processes with AM Production of parts/tools directly in point of use OEMs are able to produce parts/components without procuring suppliers Shorter SCs (shorter lead-times) Production of final customized products directly in stores/retail Product redesign with lower costs and higher performance Production of high-level customized prostheses Bioprinting of implantable organs |