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. 2023 May 12;9(5):e16099. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16099

Table 8.

Maturity levels for AM knowledge use on universities and Fab spaces.

Business Model Maturity level
1: Emerging 2: Pacing 3: Hybrid 4: Partial replacement of CM 5: Disruptive
Universities and Fab Spaces/Labs (knowledge dissemination perspective) Users and entrepreneurs learn how to use AM technologies Knowledge dissemination and integration in business activities (Universities) [63] Integration of research results directly in industry peers (Universities labs transfer knowledge directly to industry) [68] Integration of research results directly in industry peers (Universities labs transfer knowledge directly to industry) [68] Universities become hubs, partners or incubators [63]
Universities and Fab Spaces/Labs (production perspective) Users and entrepreneurs use AM for their own benefit Entrepreneurs have access to fab spaces innovation and production capabilities [68] Consumers and firms purchase highly customized parts from Fab Spaces