Table 3.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with frequency of healthcare personnel influenza vaccination receipt.
| Characteristics* |
Total HCP^ n (%) |
Influenza vaccination history# |
Odds of frequent vs. infrequent vaccination |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Never n (%) |
Infrequently n (%) |
Frequently n (%) |
cOR (95% CI) |
aOR## (95% CI) |
||
| All | 2782 | 397 | 1707 | 678 | – | – |
| Perceived influenza susceptibility | ||||||
| Not susceptible | 2073 (74.5) | 334 (84.1) | 1285 (75.3) | 454 (67.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Susceptible | 707 (25.4) | 62 (15.6) | 421 (24.7) | 224 (33.0) | 1.51 (1.24, 1.83) | 1.49 (1.22, 1.82) |
| Unknown | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| Perceived vaccine effectiveness | ||||||
| Not effective | 1447 (52.0) | 275 (69.3) | 911 (53.4) | 261 (38.5) | Ref | Ref |
| Effective | 1333 (47.9) | 121 (30.5) | 795 (46.6) | 417 (61.5) | 1.83 (1.53, 2.20) | 1.92 (1.59, 2.32) |
| Unknown | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| Knowledge of influenza and vaccine | ||||||
| No knowledge | 504 (18.1) | 97 (24.4) | 310 (18.2) | 97 (14.3) | Ref | Ref |
| Some knowledge | 2276 (81.8) | 299 (75.3) | 1396 (81.8) | 581 (85.7) | 1.33 (1.04, 1.71) | 1.37 (1.06, 1.77) |
| Unknown | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| Concerns about vaccination safety or pain from vaccination | ||||||
| No concerns | 1574 (56.6) | 253 (63.7) | 955 (55.9) | 366 (54.0) | Ref | Ref |
| Some concerns | 1206 (43.4) | 143 (36.0) | 751 (44.0) | 312 (46.0) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.30) | 0.99 (0.83, 1.20) |
| Unknown | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| Emotional benefits of vaccination | ||||||
| No emotional benefits | 1027 (36.9) | 195 (49.1) | 666 (39.0) | 166 (24.5) | Ref | Ref |
| Some emotional benefits | 1753 (63.0) | 201 (50.6) | 1040 (60.9) | 512 (75.5) | 1.98 (1.62, 2.42) | 1.96 (1.60, 2.42) |
| Unknown | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| Barriers to vaccination like inconvenient times or places for vaccination | ||||||
| No barriers | 1753 (63.0) | 235 (59.2) | 1053 (61.7) | 465 (68.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Some barriers | 1027 (36.9) | 161 (40.6) | 653 (38.3) | 213 (31.4) | 0.74 (0.61, 0.89) | 0.74 (0.61, 0.89) |
| Unknown | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| Supervisor vaccination recommendation | ||||||
| No | 1342 (48.2) | 239 (60.2) | 854 (50.0) | 249 (36.7) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 1438 (51.7) | 157 (39.5) | 852 (49.9) | 429 (63.3) | 1.73 (1.44, 2.07) | 1.72 (1.43, 2.08) |
| Unknown | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| Perceived vaccination protection for self | ||||||
| No protection | 302 (10.9) | 73 (18.4) | 198 (11.6) | 31 (4.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Some protection | 1077 (38.7) | 126 (31.7) | 668 (39.1) | 283 (41.7) | 2.71 (1.83, 4.12) | 2.70 (1.82, 4.15) |
| Unknown | 1403 (50.4) | 198 (49.9) | 841 (49.3) | 364 (53.7) | – | – |
| Perceived vaccination protection for patient | ||||||
| No protection | 360 (12.9) | 82 (20.7) | 230 (13.5) | 48 (7.1) | Ref | Ref |
| Some protection | 1019 (36.6) | 117 (29.5) | 636 (37.3) | 266 (39.2) | 2.00 (1.43, 2.85) | 2.14 (1.52, 3.07) |
| Unknown | 1403 (50.4) | 198 (49.9) | 841 (49.3) | 364 (53.7) | – | – |
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; cOR, crude odds ratio; HCP, healthcare personnel.
* Collected at enrollment.
Perceived influenza susceptibility: If you are unable to or don’t get an influenza vaccination, what do you think your chance of getting the flu this season will be?
Perceived vaccine effectiveness: How effective do you think the influenza vaccine is in preventing you from getting sick with influenza?
Knowledge of influenza and vaccine was a composite of three questions: (i) Agree or disagree with the following statement: People with influenza can transmit the virus only after their symptoms appear; (ii) Agree or disagree with the following statement: The influenza vaccine could give me influenza; and (iii) Agree or disagree with the following statement: People can spread influenza virus even when they are feeling well.
Concerns about vaccination was a composite of two questions: (i) Agree or disagree with the following statement: Influenza vaccination is safe; and (ii) Agree or disagree with the following statement: The influenza shot is painful.
Emotional benefits of vaccination were a composite of two questions: (i) Agree or disagree with the following statement: If I don’t get an influenza vaccination and end up getting sick with influenza, I’d be mad at myself for not getting the vaccine; and (ii) Agree or disagree with the following statement: If I don’t get an influenza vaccination, I will regret it.
Barriers to vaccination was a composite of two questions: (i) Agree or disagree with the following statement: I usually do not have time to get vaccinated with the influenza vaccine; and (ii) Agree or disagree with the following statement: There is not a convenient place for me to get vaccinated with the influenza vaccine.
Supervisor recommendation vaccination: Agree or disagree with the following statement: A supervisor or other leader at my workplace has recommended that I get an annual influenza vaccination.
Perceived vaccination protection for self: Agree or disagree with following statement: Influenza vaccination can protect me from getting sick with influenza.
Perceived vaccination protection for patient: Agree or disagree with following statement: If I get an influenza vaccination, patients at my health facility will be better protected from influenza.
Only people who had influenza vaccination status reported all 8 years (2011 to 2018) were in included in this analysis.
People classified as never vaccinated self-reported receiving 0 influenza vaccinations from 2011 to 2018. People infrequently vaccinated received 1─4 influenza vaccinations and those frequently vaccinated received 5─8 influenza vaccinations during the same time.
Adjusted for HCP hospital of employment, age, sex, preexisting medical condition, occupation, and providing patient care for > 10 years.