Table 2.
Systemic Immune Parameters Among Participants With and Without HIV and Its Relationship to Aortic 99mTc-Tilmanocept Uptake
| Parameter | Participants With HIV (n = 19) |
Participants Without HIV (n = 9) |
P Value for Between-Group Comparisona |
β-Estimate for Relationship With 99mTc-Tilmanocept Uptakeb | Normalized β-Estimate per SD for Relationship With 99mTc-Tilmanocept Uptakeb |
P Value for Relationship With 99mTc-Tilmanocept Uptakeb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circulating systemic markers of immune activation | ||||||
| sCD14, ng/mL | 1653.8 ± 282.3 | 1500.8 ± 217.8 | .13 | 13.7 | 3688.3 | .08 |
| sCD163, ng/mL | 617.0 (515.0–1101.2) | 540.5 (453.8–675.4) | .26 | 1.1 | 608.8 | .80 |
| CCL2/MCP-1, pg/mL | 217.7 ± 60.6 | 172.3 ± 34.8 | .02 | −161.2 | −9222.6 | .0001 |
| CXCL10/IP-10, pg/mL | 161.4 (111.9–230.2) | 76.7 (58.6–87.3) | .0004 | −13.3 | −1612.6 | .43 |
| Lp-PLA2, ng/mL | 131.8 ± 71.9 | 145.8 ± 65.8 | .61 | 22.9 | 1582.9 | .44 |
| IL-18, pg/mL | 147.9 (101.8–193.4) | 147.3 (97.0–189.1) | .75 | −5.3 | −765.7 | .77 |
| Caspase-1, pg/mL | 77.3 (48.5–97.5) | 45.6 (38.4–55.5) | .01 | 137.4 | 5728.2 | .004 |
| hsIL-6, pg/mL | 2.4 (1.5–4.8) | 1.8 (1.0–4.1) | .46 | −1160.4 | −5164.6 | .13 |
| oxLDL, U/L | 47.1 (39.7–53.6) | 42.1 (34.8–55.6) | .66 | −144.4 | −1946.8 | .33 |
| Circulating monocyte subpopulationsc | ||||||
| % of monocytes from total PBMCs | 7.5 ± 1.8 | 4.6 ± 1.5 | .0003 | 2028.9 | 4439.7 | .04 d |
| Absolute No. of CD14+CD16– cells/µL | 310.9 (214.6–381.7) | 241.7 (159.9–313.1) | .19 | 66.9 | 10 285.4 | <.0001 d |
| Absolute No. of CD14+CD16+ cells/µL | 29.8 (21.0–40.2) | 24.4 (12.2–30.2) | .07 | 202.6 | 4125.9 | .08 |
| Absolute No. of CD14–CD16+ cells/µL | 23.9 ± 14.2 | 14.9 ± 4.9 | .02 | 554.2 | 6981.4 | .0004 |
| Circulating lymphocyte subpopulationsc | ||||||
| % of lymphocytes from total PBMCs | 40.4 ± 11.5 | 28.8 ± 6.3 | .002 | −264.6 | −3015.8 | .14 |
| % CD4+ T cells | 31.0 (24.7–35.8) | 53.5 (45.0–75.7) | <.0001 | −240.3 | −4234.7 | .04 d |
| Absolute No. of CD4+ T cells/µL | 569.0 (408.2–736.9) | 728.2 (600.5–1100.6) | .03 | 12.5 | 4424.9 | .04 d |
| % CD8+ T cells | 43.9 (31.6–60.6) | 20.9 (14.9–26.3) | .0006 | 343.8 | 6629.2 | .009 |
| Absolute No. of CD8+ T cells/µL | 887.3 ± 457.7 | 366.9 ± 261.1 | .001 | 13.3 | 6244.3 | .005 d |
| CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio | 0.6 (0.5–1.3) | 2.8 (1.8–4.9) | .0002 | −3166.8 | −4775.2 | .02 |
Normally distributed data are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Nonnormally distributed data are reported as median (interquartile range). P values <.05 were considered significant and are bolded.
Abbreviations: 99mTc, technetium-99m; hsIL-6, high-sensitivity interleukin 6; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IL-18, interleukin 18; IP-10, interferon-γ–induced protein 10; Lp-PLA2, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; oxLDL, oxidized LDL; sCD14, soluble CD14; sCD163, soluble CD163; SD, standard deviation.
Between-group P values were determined by Student 2-tailed t test for normally distributed variables and by Wilcoxon rank-sum test for nonnormally distributed variables.
β-estimate and P value for the relationship between each parameter and aortic volume with 99mTc-tilmanocept uptake determined by linear mixed-effects regression modeling using restricted maximum likelihood estimation. Aortic volume with 99mTc-tilmanocept uptake was the dependent variable in each model; the parameter and threshold were independent fixed effects; and individual was a random effect. To facilitate comparisons of β-estimates across different indices of immune activation, β-estimates have been normalized by the standard deviation of each respective immune parameter.
Flow cytometric assessments were not performed for 1 study participant with HIV; thus, n = 18 for analyses pertaining to circulating monocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations.
Indicates a significant interaction between the systemic level of the immune parameter and HIV status demonstrated in linear mixed-effects modeling with aortic volume with 99mTc-tilmanocept uptake as the dependent variable, the immune parameter, threshold, and HIV status as independent fixed effects, and individual (enrollment number) as a random effect.